UCSP (POA)

EVOLUTION- begins with the assumption that man has evolved from ape-like creatures

The Bible- teaches that God created man; Genesis 1:27

Biological Evolution- changes modifications and variations in the genetics and inherited traits of biological population from one generation to another

Cultural Evolution/ Socio-Cultural Evolution

• Changes or development in cultures– simple to complex form 

• Result of human adaptation

Theory of Evolution

• Charles Darwin

• Examination of geological formations, fossils, and study of plants and animals from 1931 to 1936 

• species can change over time, that new species come from pre-existing species, and that all species share a common ancestor

Natural Selection

• Survival of the fittest

• Some are better adapted to their environment compared to others

Fossils- human, plant, and animal remains preserved through time

Artifacts- objects that were made and used by humans (e.g. Venus of Willendorf)

Hominid Species Timeline

- Australopithecus ramidus: 4.0 mya

- Australopithecus afarensis: 4.0-3.0 mya

- Australopithecus africanus: 3.0-2.5 mya

- Australopithecus robustus: 2.0-1.0 mya

- Homo Habilis: 2.0-1.5 mya

- Homo Erectus: 1.5-0.5 mya

- Homo Sapiens: 0.5-0 mya

- Homosapiens neandertalensis: 0.2-0 mya

- Homo sapiens sapiens 0.1-0 mya

HOMINIDS

• Are distinguished from apes by their bipedalism (ability to walk on two feet)

• Larger brain size

• All are members of the human family tree

• Sahelanthropus, Ardipithecus, Australopithecus, Homo

Pre Human Stage of Evolution:

1. Sahelanthropus

2. Ardipithecus

3. Australopithecus

Human Stage of Evolution

1. Homo

SAHELANTHROPUS

• 6-7 mya

• Skull similar to australopithecus & modern man

• Height– similar to chimpanzee

• ½ of human brain

ARDIPITHECUS

• 5.6-4.4 mya

• “Ape on the ground”

• Height– 4 ft

• Weight– 120 pounds (54 kg)

• Small brain

• bipedal

• Lined in jungle and forests

AUSTRALOPITHECUS

• 5-1 mya

• “Southern ape”

• ⅓ of human brain (500 cc)

• Upright and bipedal

• Tool users

• Used stick & stones

• Food scavengers (consumes decaying biomass)

• Ate insects, eggs, plants, fruits and meat

• Gracile– small teeth and jaw (Anamensis, Afarensis, Africanus)

• Robust– Aethiopicus, Robustus, Boisei (large teeth and jaw; muscular)

GRACILE AUSTRALOPITHECUS

1. Anamensis

• Earliest form of australopithecus species

• Found in Kenya

• -it is small in built with teeth similar to the later Afarensis

2. Afarensis

• unearthed a set of fossilized bones of a female hominid approximately 3.18 million years old– named it “Lucy”

• Small hominid

• Small brain (400 cc)

• Large teeth

• Same length of arms and legs

3. Africanus

• lived in the southern part of Africa approximately 2.5 to 3 million years of age

• two Africanus “off” lines, Australopithecus robustus and boisei.

HOMO SPECIES

• Homo Habilis

• Homo Erectus

• Homo Sapiens

HOMO HABILIS

• “Handy man”

• 3-4 ft

• ½ of human brain, (700 cc)

• Made tools called Oldowan

• Smash and grab

• Originated: Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania (2.3-1.6 mya)

HOMO ERECTUS

• Made hand axe tools

• First to use fire

• Lived in caves & branches

• First homo to use language

• “Skillful hunters”

• ⅔ of human brain (1000 cc)

• 5 ft; walks upright

• Originated: Africa, China, Indonesia (1.8-300,000 years ago)

• Peking man & Java man

HOMO SAPIENS

• 100,000 years ago to present

• Thinking man

Neanderthal

• Neander Dusseldorf, Germany

Cro-Magnon

• Southwestern France, Spain and Italy

• “Fine artist” – Cave paintings in Lascaux, France

PREHISTORY

• period of time before civilization and writing

• Period of human between the use of the first stone tools by hominids 

THREE ARCHAEOLOGICAL PERIODS:

• Stone Age

• Paleolithic (Old Stone Age)

• Mesolithic (Middle Stone Age)

• Neolithic (New Stone Age)

• Bronze Age

• Iron Age

STONE AGE

1. Paleolithic Period

• 2.5 mya to 10,000 B.C.

• Lives in caves

• Hunters and gatherers

• Basic stone and bone tools

• Greatest discovery: Use of fire

• Early human ancestors paint a bison inside a cave during this period

• Clothes— balat ng hayop

• Language– gestures, sounds, signs

2. Mesolithic Period

• 10,000 B.C. to 8,000 B.C.

• Polished small stone tools

• Spears & arrows

• Lived nomadically (not permanent) in camps near rivers (water is essential)

• Agriculture was introduced = permanent settlements (hindi lahat)

• Transition from paleolithic to neolithic

• The Shell Mound People/Kitchen- Middeners were hunter –gatherers of the late Mesolithic and Early Neolithic

3. Neolithic Period

• 8,000 B.C. to 3,000 B.C.

• From hunter/gatherers to agriculture and food production

• Advancements = tools, farming, home construction and art (pottery, weaving, sewing)

• Polish and plated stones 

• Permanent settlements

• Greatest discovery: agriculture

BRONZE AGE

• 3,000 B.C. to 1,300 B.C.

• Bronze, copper, tin alloy was discovered

• Harder metals=weapons & tools

• More villages & cities began to form

• Organized government, law, and warfare (may leadership)

• Beginnings of religion (colonization)

• Village life in Grimspound, a settlement situated on Dartmoor in Devon, England

IRON AGE

• 1,300 to 900 B.C.

• Discovery of ways to heat and forge iron (make a metal object by heating it) 

• Advances in architecture= four-room homes, royal palaces, temples, religious structures

• Emergence of writing systems & written documentation (alphabet)

• Ethnographers

Gerhard Lenski

• “The more technology a society has, the faster it changes” — mas nag e-evolve, nag a-adapt, at i-innovate ang mga tao

HUNTING & GATHERING SOCIETIES

• Oldest and most basic way of economic livelihood

• Relies on “wild” plant & animal food resources

• Use of simple tools to hunt nomadic way of living

• Mutual survival; walang social inequality

• Paleolithic times

HORTICULTURAL & PASTORAL SOCIETIES

• Large-scale cultivation using plows (to prepare for the planting of seeds) or more powerful energy sources

• Old barter system was abandoned

• Money became the common standard of exchange

• Domestication of animals 

• Use of animals as transportation

• May social inequality na (agriculture raises men to a position of social dominance)

• Religion reinforces the elites

• Mayayaman (landowners)

• Less nomadic (not totally)

• Hindi pa kagaya ng agricultural na pangmalawakang export/import (pansarili/ pang community lang)

• May society na combined and independent (horticultural and pastoral, or horticultural, pastoral

AGRICULTURAL & NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION

• Began to farm and domesticate animals (farming and agriculture is the main source of income)

• Development of agriculture = increase in social inequality (marami na ang elites/ nobles; they can produce much more food kaysa sa horticultural/ pastoral)

• Animal domestication  provided important  contributions  to  the Neolithic people.(may mga advancements sa equipments/device pero di kagaya ng industrial)

• Written language and numbers emerge (ginagamit na)

• Peasants (nagtatrabaho sa mayayaman)

• Paglawak ng society = increasing amount of conflicts

• Gender inequality

• Importance: paggawa ng bahay (CATAL HUYUK)

INDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES

• Production of goods = advanced sources of energy to drive large machinery

• water power and then steam boilers to operate mills & large machines

• Main source of power ay electricity

• Rapid change = sparked the birth of sociology

• Marked as great transformation; technological advancement

• Positive side (technological advancement can make life easier, larger production, pinababa yung level ng gender inequality, there’s social mobility, and political freedom)

• Negative side (capitalism, air pollution, poverty, urbanization, weakening traditional values, customs & beliefs, violence started, riots, rebellions)

POST-INDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES

• Human capital (have their own way of living)

• production of information using computer technology

• Less labor force (there's no child labor gaya ng industrial)

• Heart of globalization

• information technology age (advancement, pinalitan yung mga machineries noong industrial, innovation)

• technology has improved life but establishing peace, ensuring justice, and protecting the environment are problems that technology alone cannot solve

• education is a must

Characteristics:

-Education as the basis of social mobility

-Human capital

-Intellectual Technology

-Invention and Innovation

-increase of professional/technical employment = 

decrease of skilled and semi skilled workers

-Transfer of labor workforce from manufacturing to service

POLITICAL EVOLUTION AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF EARLY CIVILIZATION

FOUR MAJOR CIVILIZATIONS

1. Sumerian

2. Indus Valley

3. Shang

4. Egyptian

Characteristics:

- Developed and highly advanced cities

- Well-defined city centers

- Complex and systematic institutions

- Organized and centralized system of government

- Formalized and complex form of religion

- Job specialization

- Development of Social classes

- Advance technology

- System of writing and

recording

A POLITICAL LEADER

• Craft laws

• Implement laws

• Impose (force) justice and punishments

• Collect taxes

• Sometimes act as religious leader 

SOCIAL AND POLITICAL SYSTEMS

Sumerian Social Structure

1. King (Royals & Priests)

2. Nobles (Officials & Families)

3. Commoners (90% temple officials, farmers, merchants, craftsmen, fishermen)

4. Slaves (work on buildings, grind, grain, weave cloth)

**Nobles and Slaves make up less than 10% of the total population

Indus Valley Civilization

1. Brahmin (Priests, Academics)

2. Kshatriya (Warriors & Kings)

3. Vaishya (Merchants & Landowners)

4. Sudra (Commoners, Peasants, Servants)

Untouchables (Outcast- out of caste– street sweepers, latrine cleaners)

Shang Dynasty

1. King- head of political & religious life

2. Nobles- advisors to king; government and religious officials; land lords

3. Warriors leaders- from the far regions

4. Artisans- pottery, clothes, tools, weapons

5. Farmers- worked long hours; little pay; over taxed

6. Slaves- lowest rank; important labor resource

Egyptian Social Pyramid

1. Pharaoh

2. Government officials (Vizier, Priest, Noble)

3. Soldiers

4. Scribes

5. Merchants

6. Craftsmen

7. Peasants

8. Slaves

SOCIALIZATION

- process by which we acquire social identities and internalize the values and roles of our social world (D. Llight)

- lifelong process of learning as people move from different stages of growth (Panopio)

FUNCTIONS OF SOCIALIZATION

1. The group transmits its values, customs, and beliefs

2. Enables the individual to grow and develop into a socially functioning person (prepare us for certain role)

3. A means of social control; encouraged to conform to the group’s norms and values

** Socialization can result in uniformity within a society

ENCULTURATION

- people learn the requirements of their surrounding culture; 

- acquire the values and behaviors appropriate in that culture

How are young people socialized?

- period of the most intense and the most crucial socialization

• Acquire language

• Learn the fundamentals of our culture

• Personality takes shape

GEORGE HERBERT MEAD (1863-1931)

• “Self” (mind) is a sociological concept

• “Self” develops through social interaction

Formation of the Self (Mind)

• Child starts with the mimicking behaviors and actions

• Understanding of the social world through “play and game”

• begin to function in organized group (generalized others- understand what behavior is expected)

Formal Education

• School-based learning

Informal education

• acquires attitudes, values, skills and knowledge from daily experiences

Two General Conclusions

- Socialization practices varied from society to society

- The socialization practices were similar among people of the society.

AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION

- any person or institution that shapes a person’s values and behavior is an agent of socialization

- family, peers, religion, government, media, work, ethnic background,

clubs/social groups, school

1. FAMILY

• parents serve as the mirror; child begin to see himself and the source of ideas about what is important and what is not

2. PEERS

• groups whose members are more or less of the same age, sex and rank.

• stand in the same relation to persons in authority, “see the world through the same eyes”

3. SCHOOL

• established for the purpose of socializing people

• teaching them cultural values and attitudes

• preparing them for their roles as adults

4. CHURCH

• influences morality

• a key component in people’s ideas of right and wrong

• teaches us beliefs about dress, manners and so on

5. MEDIA

• For many children,, television has become a major agent of socialization

• children spend more time watching television than in school or in communicating with their parents

Negative Effects of Television Viewing:

- Excessive violence leads to aggression and violent behavior

- Heavy viewing of television in the pre-school years puts a child for problem behavior

- Tv tends to promote sex role stereotypes

- It promotes spectatorship (In everyday usage of viewing on tv)

SOCIAL NORMS

Norms

• cultural products (including values, customs, and traditions);

• represent individuals’ basic knowledge of what others do and think that they should do.

• representations of acceptable group conduct

Consequences of Ignoring Social Norms

- doesn’t have any legal consequences, but can have a major impact on a person’s social life

- can make you as a hero or an outcast

- may result to criticism, opposition, even ostracization

CONFORM

- to obey or agree with something

- To behave in a way that is accepted by most people

- when members choose the course of action that the majority favors (group consensus)

CONFORMITY

- act of matching attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors to group norms or standards

- can be driven by desire for acceptance, rejection, or a genuine belief that the group is more knowledgeable 

- e.g. peer pressure, fashion trends, corporate culture

DEVIANCE

- behavior that violates social norms

- an act of non-conformity with the norm

Characteristics of Deviance:

1. It is understood within its social context.

2. Deviance may change overtime.

3. Deviance depends upon the status and role a person holds.

4. Deviance depends on the audience norms.

FORMS OF DEVIANCE

1. According to Violation of Societal Norm

• Primary Deviance

- person disagrees with the prescribed norms but is tolerated by others 

- caused by ignorance,\ influence of peers or parents

- little social reaction

- involves a small rule- breaking

• Secondary Deviance

- person labeled as criminal/ deviant because of his previous act; treated as an outsider

- caused by negative social reactions

- shunned by society

- involves crimes

Individual- person commits a deviant behavior of his own group or subculture

Group- individual may conform to the group’s norm which is in disagreement or in contradiction to the expectation of the larger society

Definition of Group

- A collection of two or more persons; guided by similar norms, values, and expectations; maintains a stable pattern of relations over a period of time

-Homans 

2. According to Acceptance of the Goal

• Innovation

- resorts to deviance as illegitimate means of using new ideas, or new  processes which are more effective in reaching its goal. 

• Ritualism

- rejects the traditional goals but still adheres to the usual steps to attain goals (high school graduates without career plans but attend college anyways)

• Retreatism

- abandon the cultural goals and the prescribed means to achieve them; withdraws from society

• Rebellion

- tries to overthrow the existing social system

SPECIFIC KIND OF DEVIANT BEHAVIOR

1. Infractions of the Sex Code and Laws

• Rape

• Prostitution

• Sexual Harassment

• Polygamy

• Adultery

• Homosexuality

• Sex Transplant

• Pre-marital relations

• Live-in relations

• Extra-marital relations

• Pornography

• Sexual perversions (zoophilia/ bestiality,  necrophilia, nymphomania, sex mania, exhibitionism,  nudism, voyeurism, sadism, masochism)

2. Infractions of Life, Liberty, property and against State

• Abortion

• Child Abuse

• Wife Battering

• Violation of Human rights

• Vandalism - Syndicates

• Graft and corruption

• estafa, libel, slander, kidnapping, arson, theft,  murder, homicide, parricide, genocide 

• Coup d’etat

• Plunder

• Piracy

3. Infractions Against Self (Victimless Crimes)

• Illegal gambling

• Curfew

• Alcoholism

• Suicide

• Drug Abuse

• Runaways

• Mendicancy/ beggary P.D. 1563

• Prostitution

• Smoking

• Mental/ psychological aberrations

• Loitering

DEVIANT THEORIES

1. Social Pathology

- ills or disease in the society

2. Biological Theory

- Aberrant (abnormal) genetic traits in such cases as mental illness, criminality and homosexuality

3. Cultural Transmission or Differential Association Theory

- Deviance is created through socialization or transmission of norms  within a community of group

- The standards people eventually adopt as their own learned through  differential association with other (criminal behavior is learned, and it is learned the same way any other behavior is learned)