AP European History Unit 5

5.1-5.3 European Expansion

Population Explosion

• Previously population growth was slow and unsteady

  • Would have periods of growth then they would decline back down, generally caused by disease

• Between 1700 and 1835 the European population doubled in size

• The main cause of the increase was the decrease in mortality

  • The Bubonic Plague had stopped spreading

  • New sewer systems and water supplies were put in place

  • The Agricultural Revolution increased food supply and the food was of higher quality meaning there was less famine

    • The potato became very common

  • Canal and road building allowed for famines to be reduced by allowing them to bring emergency supplies quickly

  • Medical knowledge did not help the population to increase

  • The vaccine for Small Pox was being distributed

The Growth of Rural Industry

• The Cotton Industry was used in rural areas

  • Cotton Industries were a stage of industrial development where workers would use hand tools in their homes for market

• The rural industry was merchant loaned/put out materials to the workers then the workers would give the finished materials back to the merchant

• Production was divided into stages

  • One group would spin wool into thread

  • One group would bleach it

  • One group would color it

  • One group would weave it into cloth

  • This made production grow to be more complex

Economic Liberalism

• Adam Smith was a professor of philosophy and a leading figure of the Scottish Enlightenment

  • Wrote Inquiry into the nature and causes of the Wealth of Nations

    • In this he advocated for a Lassiez-Faire economy

• Smith wanted to place limits on government

  • Government should provide protection against foreign invasion

  • Government should maintain civil order, using police protection

  • Sponsor public works and institutions that can not profit private investors

• These restrictions turned into economic liberalism

  • Economic liberalism was the belief that free trade and competition will benefit everyone no matter their class in society

• These views led to economic deregulation and attempts to end economic monopolies

The Atlantic Economy

• The European Commerce let the worldwide economic network grow rapidly

• The European Commerce encouraged economic development and military conflict in the Atlantic Basin

• European countries wanted influence in the Atlantic during the 18th century

• Britain's leadership was because of the previous mercantilism and navigation acts

  • The navigation acts were a form of economic warfare, mostly against the Dutch, eventually the Dutch fell behind England

• France is England’s biggest rival, they fought about over which would have the most power

  • This competition led to multiple wars between the two

    • One of these wars was the Seven Year’s War

  • Another reason for the tension is because the French fought with America in the American Revolution

• Commercial trade in the Atlantic is normally referred to as triangle trade, as there was a three way transport of goods

  • Europe sent guns and textiles to Africa

  • Enslaved Africans were sent to America and the Caribbean (The New World)

  • Raw materials like cotton, sugar, and tobacco were sent from the New World to Europe

• This trade led to new manufacturing jobs being developed in Europe

• There was also a lot of intercolonial trade

  • North and South trade between America and the Caribbean

5.4-5.6 The French Revolution

Contextualizing the French Revolution

• French Population in 1789 was around 25 million

• First Estate

  • The Clergy around 0.5% of the population

  • Own around 10% of the land

  • Collect an annual tithe from parishioners and heavy influence on society

  • Didn’t have to pay taxes

  • Provide a “donation” to the crown every 5 years

• Second Estate

  • The Nobility around around 1.5% of the population

  • Nobility of the Sword and Nobility of the Robe

    • Newer, often Wealthier

  • Own around 20% to 25% of the land

  • Didn’t have to pay taxes

  • Dominate positions of government

    • Would block attempts at tax reforms

• Third Estate

  • Everyone else, around 98% of the population

  • 24.5 million people

  • Bourgeoisie around 4% of the population

    • Own around 20% of the land

    • Hold some positions in government

  • Working Class/Wage Earners, around 8% of the population

    • Prices since 1730 have risen 65%

    • Wages overtime have been raised by 22%

  • Peasants and Farmers, around 86% of the population

    • Own around 40% of the land

    • Resentful of “seignirial privileges”

Revolution in France 1789-1791

• Economic situation in France had gotten to a critical point

  • In debt from wars

    • Mostly from helping in the American Revolution

• Poor grain harvests, brought high bread prices

• The increased prices led to riots in the street

• Artisans and traders lost their jobs

• Louis XVI’s finance minister wanted to impose taxes on all property

  • The assembly was mostly of the first and second estate so they approved of this idea

• The Third Estate wanted more representation in the assembly, and wanted them to vote by head rather than estate

• The Third Estate eventually made their own assembly and titled it the National Assembly

• The National Assembly got locked out of their normal meeting place, they gathered at a tennis court, pledging they will keep meeting until they have a constitution written, this was known as the Tennis Court Oath

• The king began to assemble troops in case they had to take control of the situation

• On July 14th 1789 a lot of the Third Estate stormed the Bastille and gathered weapons

• The King was forced to recognize the Third Estate

• Peasants began to revolt against their landlords

  • Burnt their feudal documents and burning their houses down

• This abolished feudal privileges of the nobility

• This was the start of the Great Fear

• The Third Estate created the Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen this called for enlightened ideas

  • Equality before the law

  • Individual freedoms

  • Judicial rights

  • Representative government

• Around 7,000 women marched to Versailles and broke into the Queen’s Chamber

  • This killed multiple guards and forced the royal family back to Paris

• The National Assembly followed the king to Paris, forcing him to declare a constitution

  • Constitutional monarchy created

  • National Assembly can create laws

• The King and Queen tried to leave France, they were caught and arrested

• Catholic Church was under state control and the Civil Constitution of the Clergy was created, making the priest swear on an oath of the revolution

• The National Assembly passed the Constitution of 1791

  • Provided rights for women

    • Can divorce their husbands

    • Can own property

War and Republican France 1791-1799

• Committee of Public Safety was created

  • A 12 person executive body led by Maximilian Robespierre

• Robespierre worked with Sans-Culottes and enforced compliance

  • This put over 40,000 women and men on trail for political crimes

    • These people were executed or died in prison

• Terror was a weapon

  • Used against people that disagreed with the Revolution

• Robespierre eventually was guillotined

• Many of his followers were members of the Third Estate

• The National Assembly created a new constitution

  • Gave power to the directory

• France created their own calendar and time system, which did not work out

• Eventually Napoleon stepped in and turned the weak monarchy into a strong one

The Napoleonic Era

• Napoleon Bonaparte appealed to many people

• Wanted a strong military

• Named First Consul after helping and supporting the French Revolution

  • Maintained order

  • Made compromises

  • Civil code of 1804 gave the middle class equality and allowed them to own property

  • Confirmed the gains of the peasants

  • Centralized the government

  • Signed the Concordat of 1801

• Brought order and stability

• Betrayed the ideas of the Revolution

  • No free speech or press

  • No free elections

• Women had no political rights, losing the gains that were previously made

• Napoleon’s wars and foreign policy defeated Austria

• Made peace with Britain

• War with the Third Coalition

• Allowed for British naval dominance

• Used fear of Conspiracy of a bourbon returning to power

  • This was in order to make himself emperor

• Made the German states into the Confederation of the Rhine

• Defeated Prussia, and put half of the population under his rule

• Napoleon’s empire gave France control of the majority of Europe, he enforced the French rules and enforced many taxes

• The start of Napoleon’s end was the Spanish Revolt

• The invasion of Russia was the true end

• Defeated by the fourth coalition, restoring the Bourbon dynasty

• Escaped from Elba but was defeated in Waterloo

  • His final exile was on the island of Saint Helena (West Africa)

5.7-5.9 The Congress of Vienna and Romanticism

The Congress of Vienna

• Took place between Sep. 1st 1814 and Jun. 9th 1815

• Nationalism tore Austria apart

• France, Britain, Prussia, Russia, and Austria attend

• Russia was in the dual revolution

  • French politics

  • Industrial production

• In Russia people were demanding the right to vote

• Dual revolution helped bring romanticism

  • Many different groups wanted to join this movement

• Main Decisions

  • Legitimacy

  • Balance of power

  • Secure boarders on France

• Main Objectives

  • Its job was supposed to undo everything Napoleon had done

    • Run by Conservatives (Royalists)

  • Reduce France to old boarders

  • Restore old monarchs (Legitimacy)

  • Supported the Revolution

    • Always an alternative conflict (Diplomacy)

• Key Players

  • Tsar Alexander I (Russia)

  • Foreign minister, Viscount Castlereagh (Britain)

  • King Fredrick William III (Prussia)

  • Foreign minister Charles Maurice de Tallyrand (France)

  • The host, Prince Klemens von Metternich (Austria)

• Key Principles Established

  • Balance of power

  • Legitimacy of old monarchs restored

  • Compensation

  • Secure French boarders

• Coalition forces occupied France for 3-5 years

• France had to pay 700,000,000 fracs

• Changes made at Vienna

  • France deprived of all territory conquered by Napoleon

  • Russia given most of Duchy of Warsaw (Poland)

  • Prussia given half of Saxony, parts of Poland, and other Germanic territories

• German Confederation of 39 states including Prussia was created from the provinces 300 were under Austrian control

• Austria was given back territory they had lost, and parts of Germany and Italy

• The House of Orange was given to the Dutch Republic and the Austrian Netherlands to rule

• Norway and Sweden established

• Neutrality of Switzerland was declared

• Britain was given Cape Colony, South Africa, and various other colonies

• Sardinia was given Piedmont

• The Bourbon Ferdenand I was restored

• The Duchy of Parma was given to Marie Louise

• The slave trade was commended

• Freedom of navigation was guaranteed for many rivers

• France

  • Buffer states created

  • Monarchy restored

  • Had to pay war indemnity

  • Lost all land from Napoleon

    • Boarders restored to 1790

• Prussia

  • Gained German land

  • Gained Rhine land

  • Gained parts of Poland

  • Parts of German Confederation

• Russia

  • Quadruple alliance

  • Balance of power

  • Holy alliance

  • Alexander I

    • Reactionary, strict censorship

  • Growth into Polish lands

• Austria

  • Alliances

    • Holy alliance

    • Quadruple alliance

  • Abolished serfdom

  • Lost and gained land

  • Recognition of power

  • Buffer states

    • Protection from France

• Great Britain

  • Balance of powers

  • Colonies

  • Quadruple alliance

  • Mandated control of seas

  • Advocated for Prussia control against France

Romanticism and Impressionism

Romanticism

• Reason instead of feelings

• Calculation instead of intuition

• Characteristics

  • Nostalgic

  • Emotional

  • Mysterious

  • Evolution supporting

  • Wild and untamed

Realism

• Characteristics

  • Objective

  • Scientific

  • Proletariat

  • Commonplace

  • Reaction to industrialization

• Reaction to the harsh realities of industrialization

  • Removed romance, showing truth

• Focused on the ideas of progress in science during the Industrial Revolution

• Growth of influence of positivism, created by French philosopher August Comte

  • Authentic knowledge, what is true

  • Scientific ideology

• Common between the 1830s to the late 1800s, mostly between 1840 to 1870

Impressionism

• Characteristics

  • Impermanence

  • Subjective

  • Technology changes

    • Train Stations becoming more common

    • From the Second Industrial Revolution

  • Reaction to industrialization

• Biggest changes during this period

• Not exactly what happened, focused on one moment/impression

• Reaction to the radical advances in all fields of science

• Art of industrial, urban Paris

• Focused on a single moment, not the present (realism)

• Impressionist was first used in a derogatory term for a Monet exhibit

• Reaction to massive fundamental changes in society

  • Acknowledges the impermanence of images and living conditions

• The Redesign of Paris

  • Redesigning of Paris began in 1852 under the new Emperor Napoleon III

  • Wanted the city to show his strength and power

    • Have troops in case of another revolution

  • New water and sewer systems

    • Live expectancy up, Cholera down

• Post-Impressionism

  • More focus on artist’s interpretation (more experimentation)

  • Reaction to impressionism, another artistic group

    • More people joined this group

• Takes place between 1870 to 1900

• Era of mass politics