chapter 12 and 14: nervous system

osmosis video: overview of cns

central nervous system (cns)

• brain

• spinal cord

peripheral nervous system (pns)

• somatic

• autonomic

afferent

• sensory information

• outside → central nervous system

• visual, auditory, chemoreceptors and somatosensory (touch)

efferent

• motor info → periphery

• contraction of skeletal muscles

  • movement through somatic nervous system

• contraction of smooth muscle

  • activity of internal organs through autonomic nervous system

types of cells

neurons

• cell body

  • organelles

  • group of cell bodies (in cns) → nucleus

  • group of bodies (outside cns) → ganglion

• dendrites

• axon

glial cells

• oligodendrocytes

  • cns

• schwann cells

  • pns

• astrocytes

  • cns

  • structure and metabolic support

  • resident immune cells

    • nourish blood-brain barrier

• myelin comes from the glial cells

the brain

• cerebrum

  • right

    • receives afferent fibers

    • sends efferent fibers to left side

  • left

    • receives afferent fibers

    • sends efferent fibers to right side

cross section of cerebrum

• outermost area

  • gray matter

    • billions of neurol cell bodies

  • innermost area

    • white matter

      • axons

cerebral cortex

• frontal lobe

  • movement and executive function

• parietal lobe

  • sensory information

    • locates where we are

    • guides movements in 3d

• temporal lobe

  • hearing

  • smell

  • memory

  • visual recognition of faces and language

  • surrounds and communicates with hippocampus

  • send info from short term → long term memory

• occipital lobe

  • vision

white matter

• internal capsule

  • highway that allows info to flow through neurons going to and from cerebral cortex

• basal ganglia

  • pallidum

  • striatum

    • caudate nucleus

      • goes around pallidum and putamen

    • putamen

      • goes around pallidum

    • striatum receives input from cerebral cortex about desired movement → sends output signal to other basal ganglia → control smooth movement → inhibiting undesired movements

• diencephalon

  • thalamus

    • collection of nuclei

    • nerve cell bodies

      • process sensory info

        • body → cerebral cortex

      • motor info

        • cerebral cortex → body

  • hypothalamus

    • regulate body temp

    • sleep and wake cycle

    • eating and drinking

    • regulates release of endocrine hormones

    • sends info to pituitary gland

      • anterior and posterior

• cerebellum

  • coordinate movement, precision and balance

  • spinal cord and brain work together

    • fine tune motor activity → muscle memory (ex riding a bike)

• brain stem

  • midbrain

    • vision, hearing, motor control, sleep/wake and consciousness

  • pons

    • facial expression/sensation

    • body equilibrium and posture

  • medulla

    • blood pressure, breathing, swallowing, coughing, vomiting and digestion

spinal cord

• extends from brain stem to lumbar region of back

• info travels up spinal cord by afferent (sensory) fibers

• info travels down spinal cord by efferent (motor) fibers

for test

ch 12

• know differences in neurons

• know different types of glia

• know ch 12 diagrams

• difference between oligodendrocytes and swan cells

• know resting potential vs acting potential

• neurotransmission

• amines, amino acids and neuropeptides

• NOT on hormones

ch 14

• cranial nerves

ch 13, 15, 16 and 17 will be tested later

neuroscience powerpoint

introduction

• rhythmic activities

  • sleeping, waking, hibernation, breathing, walking

  • cerebral cortex: range of electrical rhythms depending on state of consciousness

    • gray matter, no myelinated sheath

  • eeg: classical method of recording brain rhythms from cerebral cortex

  • circadian rhythms: change in physiological functions according to brain clock

electroencephalogram

• eeg

  • measurement of generalized cortical activity

  • noninvasive, painless

  • diagnose neurological conditions such as epilepsy, sleep disorders, research

• recording brain waves

  • electrodes to scalp, low resistance connection

  • connected to banks of amplifiers and recording devices

• eeg records small electrical field generated by synaptic currents in pyramidal cells

sleep

• readily reversible state of reduced responsiveness to and interaction with the environment

• sleep deprivation is devastating

• one third of lives in sleep state

3 functional brain states

• awake

• non rem

• rem sleep