<<__**Raw materials**__<< * Wheat from American Midwest and southern Russia * meat from Argentina * bananas from Central America * rubber from Brazil * cocoa & palm oil from West Africa \ <<__**British Exports**__<< * By 1840, 60% cotton cotton * 200 million yards to Europe. * 300 million yards to Latin America. * 145 million yards to India. * Sending out half of its saving to foreign investments \ **“Yesterday I attended a meeting of the unemployed in London and having listened to the wild speeches which were nothing more than a scream for bread, I returned home convinced more than ever of the importance of imperialism….In order to save the million inhabitants of the United Kingdom from a murderous civil war, and create new markets for the products of the mines and factories.”** **--Quoted in Heinz Gollwitzer, Europe in the Age of Imperialism** \ <<__**Competitiveness/Technology**__<< * Unification of Italy and Germany increase competition. * desire to be a “Great Power.” * Steam power allowed more and quicker navigation. * quinine protected against malaria and death rates in the tropics decreased. * Breech-loading rifles and machine guns increased the military gap with non-Europeans. \ <<__**Changing European Attitudes about Asians and Africans**__<< __**1500s to 1600s**__ * heathens--not Christians * Chinese highly praised * African nations \ <<__**1750 to 1900s**__<< * still heathens * Chinese--”John Chinaman--weak cunning-- “Yellow Peril” * African tribes * Pacific Oceania--”big children who lived closer to nature \ <<__**European View of Global Expansion**__<< * Christianizing * Good Government * Work discipline and production for the market to “lazy natives.” * clothing the naked * limited education * suppressing native customs \ | <<__**First Wave of European Colonialism**__<< | |----| | 1500s - 1600s | | In the Western Hemisphere (Americas) | | Spain and Portugal = were major players; NOT ANYMORE DUN DUN DUN | | Devastated native populations | | Europeans chose the path of conquest and outright colonial rule | \ | <<__**Second Wave of European Colonialism**__<< | |----| | 1750 – 1900 | | In Africa and Asia | | New countries involved = Germany, Italy, Belgium, the U.S., Japan | | No massive devastation done to native peoples except in Australia | | Europeans preferred informal control (cheaper & less likely to cause war) | * Construction of 2nd-wave European empires in Africa and Asia involved military force or the threat of using it * Although they would have preferred non-violent takeovers, Europeans often had to fight in wars of conquest to create their empires * Always won in the end 🡪 superior militaries and weapons \ <<__**Various Paths to Colonial Status**__<< * India and Indonesia = colonial conquest grew out of earlier interactions with European trading companies * India = became controlled by Britain * Indonesia = became controlled by the Dutch * Neither country had a clear-cut plan for conquest * Conquest evolved slowly as local authorities and European traders made and unmade a variety of alliances * Acquisition of India and Indonesia = fairly easy because both were fragmented territories with no political unity * Australia and New Zealand = both taken over by the British * Similar to the earlier colonization of North America * Conquest accompanied by: massive European settlement and diseases that reduced native numbers * Became settler colonies = “neo-European” societies in the Pacific * Africa, mainland Southeast Asia, and the Pacific islands = occurred later = in the 2nd half of the 19th century * More abruptly and deliberately than anywhere else \ <<__**The “Scramble for Africa”**__<< * Until the 1800s = Europeans knew very little about Africa * 1840 = David Livingstone went to Africa * Traveled around and explored there for 30 years * He lost contact with the outside world for 6 years in the 1860s * American Journalist Henry Stanley was sent to look for him -- ended up leading several expeditions himself * Journeys of Livingstone and Stanley increased interest in Africa and its many resources * One European country after another began to claim parts of Africa * Able to take African territories easily because they had superior weapons and a lot of money * 1885 = the Berlin Conference = Several European nations met in Berlin to decide how to divide up Africa * No African leaders invited * Peaceful negotiations made between the European powers that officially decided “who got what” * By 1914 = Europeans controlled 90% of Africa * European powers often had to use extensive and bloody military action to maintain control within their acquired African territories * Varying Responses to European Encroachment * Some tried to enlist Europeans in their own internal struggles for power or in their external rivalries with neighboring states * Some tried to pit imperial powers against each other * Some wanted to fight back against the Europeans * Some believed resistance was futile and acceptance of the situation was the only option * Some negotiated with Europeans in an effort to keep as much independence and power as possible \ <<__**Under European Rule: Cooperation**__<< * Many groups and individuals willingly cooperated with colonial authorities * Many men found employment, status, and security in the European-led armed forces * Colonial rulers = expensive, in short supply, and could rarely communicate with their subjects * Result = local intermediaries needed * Local intermediaries = typically from elite or governing families * Local intermediaries = could retain their status and gain wealth by exercising authority at the local level * Many found it beneficial to pursue Western education * Western-educated class served the colonial state, European businesses, and Christian missions as teachers, clerks, translators, and lower-level administrators * Some with even more education = became lawyers, doctors, engineers, journalists, etc. \ <<__**Under European Rule: Rebellion**__<< * Periodic rebellions (both big and small) = a constant problem for colonial regimes everywhere * Most famous colonial rebellion = the Indian Rebellion of 1857-1858 * Also known as: the Sepoy Rebellion or Sepoy Mutiny * Sepoys = Indian soldiers in the service of European powers \ <<__**Indian Rebellion of 1857-1858**__<< * Triggered by the introduction into the colony’s forces of a new cartridge smeared with animal fat from cows and pigs * Remember: Indian troops = Hindus and Muslims * Hindus = find cows sacred * Muslims = regard pigs as unclean * Both = viewed this military “innovation” as a plot to harm them and convert them to Christianity * Indian troops in Bengal mutinied against their British superiors * Indian Rebellion spread from Bengal to other regions and other social groups * __Many__ social groups within India were upset with British colonial rule * Local rulers = lost power * Landlords = deprived of their estates and/or rent * Peasants = overtaxed and exploited by urban moneylenders and landlords * Weavers = unemployed (displaced by machines) * Religious leaders = opposed to Christian missionary preaching * Crushed in 1858 🡪 but important results followed: * Widening of the racial divide in colonial India between native Indians and their British rulers 🡪 eroded British tolerance for their subjects * British = became more conservative and cautious when it came to trying to change Indian society 🡪 didn’t want another rebellion * British government assumed direct control over India 🡪 ended the British East India Company’s rule there \ <<__**Colonial Empires with a Difference**__<< * Major factor distinguishing the rulers from the ruled = race * Education for colonial subjects = very limited * Limited to practical subjects * Europeans were afraid that education and knowledge would lead to power for colonial subjects * Colonies with large European settler populations = blatant pattern of racial segregation * Example = apartheid * Racial segregation in South Africa * Racial system provided for separate: “homelands,” educational systems, residential areas, public facilities, etc. * European powers were much more involved and “hands on” with their colonial states in the 19th century * Affected the daily lives of people far more than empires had in the past * Centralized tax-collecting agencies * New modes of transportation and communication * Imposed changes in landholding patterns * Integration of colonial economies into global trade network * Public health and sanitation measures * European colonizers felt the need to count, classify, and organize their colonial subjects * Wanted a way to manage the unfamiliar, complex, varied, and changing societies that they now controlled * Made colonial administration easier * Ex: In African colonies, Europeans identified and sometimes even invented distinct tribes 🡪 each with its own territory, language, customs, chief, etc. \ <<__***Colonial Empires with a Difference***__<< * European colonial policies contradicted their own values and practices at home \ \ | <<__**European Nations**__<< | <<__**European Colonies**__<< | |----|----| | Becoming more democratic | Were mostly dictatorships (used to create order and stability) | | Swept up in nationalism | Total opposite of national independence | | Christian and Enlightenment idea of human equality | Racial divisions, ranked racial classifications, etc. | | Industrialization and modernization | Modernization discouraged because Europeans did not want modernization to cause opposition to colonial rule | \

Colonial Encounters 1750-1914