2/14 terms quiz

Great Awakening – A series of 18th-century religious revivals emphasizing personal faith, emotional sermons, and individual salvation.

Mercantilism – An economic policy where colonies existed to benefit the mother country by controlling trade and resources.

Declaration of Independence – The 1776 document declaring American independence from Britain, listing grievances against King George III.

Constitution – The foundational U.S. document, ratified in 1788, establishing government structure, federal powers, and citizens’ rights.

Checks & Balances – A system ensuring no government branch becomes too powerful by distributing authority among the three branches.

Federal Naturalization Law of 1790 – The first U.S. law granting naturalization only to free white persons of good character.

Bill of Rights – The first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution, guaranteeing individual freedoms like speech, religion, and due process.

Amendments – Official changes or additions to the U.S. Constitution, used to expand rights, modify government functions, or address new issues.

Judicial Review – The power of courts to declare laws unconstitutional, established by Marbury v. Madison (1803).

Missouri Compromise – The 1820 law admitting Missouri as a slave state, Maine as a free state, and banning slavery north of 36°30′.

Trail of Tears – The forced relocation of Native American tribes in the 1830s, causing thousands of deaths due to harsh conditions.

Abolitionism – The movement to end slavery in the U.S., gaining momentum in the early 19th century.

Fugitive Slave Law – Laws requiring escaped enslaved people to be returned to their owners, even in free states.

Dred Scott Decision – An 1857 Supreme Court ruling stating enslaved people were property, not citizens, and could not sue for freedom.

Gettysburg Address – Abraham Lincoln’s 1863 speech reaffirming democratic ideals and honoring soldiers who died in the Civil War.

Emancipation Proclamation – Lincoln’s 1863 executive order freeing enslaved people in Confederate states.

Sea Island Experiments – A Reconstruction-era effort to educate and provide land to formerly enslaved people in South Carolina.

Freedman’s Bureau – A federal agency established in 1865 to help formerly enslaved people with education, jobs, and legal rights.

Ku Klux Klan – A white supremacist group formed during Reconstruction to intimidate Black Americans and suppress their rights.

Fourteenth Amendment – The 1868 amendment granting citizenship and equal protection under the law to all persons born in the U.S.

U.S. v. Reese – An 1876 Supreme Court case that weakened Black voting rights by allowing poll taxes and literacy tests.

Sharecropping – A farming system where formerly enslaved people rented land and paid with a portion of their crops, keeping them in debt.

Compromise of 1877 – The agreement ending Reconstruction by withdrawing federal troops from the South in exchange for Rutherford B. Hayes becoming president.

Jim Crow – Racial segregation laws enforcing discrimination in the South after Reconstruction.

“Birth of a Nation” – A 1915 film glorifying the Ku Klux Klan and promoting racist stereotypes.

Atlanta Compromise – A speech by Booker T. Washington promoting Black economic progress while accepting segregation.

N.A.A.C.P. – The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, founded in 1909 to fight for civil rights.

Social Darwinism – The belief that natural selection applies to human societies, justifying economic inequality and racism.

Lewis Hine – A photographer known for exposing child labor abuses in the early 20th century.

American Federation of Labor (AFL) – A major labor union founded in 1886, focusing on skilled workers and collective bargaining.

Pullman Strike – A nationwide railroad strike in 1894, crushed by federal troops after disrupting transportation.

Exodusters – African Americans who migrated west, particularly to Kansas, to escape racism in the South after Reconstruction.

Reservations – Land designated by the government for Native American tribes, often in poor and isolated conditions.

Dawes Act – An 1887 law breaking up tribal land and forcing Native Americans into individual land ownership, weakening tribal culture.

Massacre at Wounded Knee – The 1890 killing of hundreds of Lakota Sioux by U.S. troops, marking the end of Native American resistance.

Bonanza Farms – Large-scale corporate farms that dominated western agriculture in the late 19th century.

Buffalo Bill – William F. Cody, a showman who romanticized the Wild West through performances and dime novels.

Ethnic Communities – Urban neighborhoods where immigrants settled to preserve their cultural traditions.

Gentlemen’s Agreement – A 1907 deal between the U.S. and Japan limiting Japanese immigration.

Angel Island – The immigration station in San Francisco, where Asian immigrants were detained and inspected.

Settlement House – Community centers helping immigrants and the poor, such as Jane Addams’ Hull House.

Yellow Journalism – Sensationalized, exaggerated news reporting to attract readers, prominent in the Spanish-American War era.

Plessy v. Ferguson – The 1896 Supreme Court case upholding racial segregation under the “separate but equal” doctrine.

Filipino War – A conflict (1899–1902) in which the U.S. suppressed Filipino independence after the Spanish-American War.

Roosevelt Corollary – An addition to the Monroe Doctrine stating the U.S. could intervene in Latin America to maintain stability.

Panama Canal – A waterway connecting the Atlantic and Pacific, built by the U.S. for faster trade and military movement.

Anti-Imperialist League – A group opposing U.S. expansion, particularly the annexation of the Philippines.

Coal Strike of 1902 – A major labor strike in the coal industry, resolved when President Theodore Roosevelt intervened.

John Muir – A naturalist who advocated for U.S. conservation and helped establish national parks.

Alice Paul – A suffragist who pushed for the passage of the 19th Amendment, securing women’s voting rights.

Buchanan v. Warley – A 1917 Supreme Court case striking down racial zoning laws.

Committee on Public Information – A government agency promoting pro-war propaganda during World War I.

League of Nations – An international organization formed after World War I to prevent future conflicts, but the U.S. never joined.

Daylight Savings Time – Adjusting clocks to extend daylight hours, first used during World War I for energy conservation.

Palmer Raids – A 1919-1920 crackdown on suspected radicals and immigrants during the Red Scare.

National Origins Act – A 1924 law severely restricting immigration from Southern and Eastern Europe.

American Civil Liberties Union – An organization defending free speech and civil rights, founded in 1920.

Flapper – A 1920s woman who defied traditional norms with bold fashion and behavior.

Rosewood – A 1923 race massacre in Florida, where a Black town was destroyed by white mobs.

Lost Generation – Writers disillusioned by World War I, including Hemingway and Fitzgerald.

Harlem Renaissance – A 1920s cultural movement celebrating Black literature, music, and art.

Scopes Monkey Trial – A 1925 trial in Tennessee over the teaching of evolution in public schools.

Marcus Garvey – A Black nationalist leader advocating for African pride and a return to Africa.

Buck v. Bell – A 1927 Supreme Court case upholding forced sterilization of people deemed “unfit.”

Hoovervilles – Shantytowns built by the homeless during the Great Depression, named after President Hoover.

Bonus Army – A 1932 protest by World War I veterans demanding early payment of promised bonuses.

Eleanor Roosevelt – First Lady and activist who championed civil rights and social reforms.

Repatriation – The forced deportation of Mexican-Americans during the Great Depression.

Wagner Act – A 1935 law protecting workers’ rights to unionize and bargain collectively.

Southern Tenant Farmers Union – A group advocating for poor Black and white farmers in the 1930s.

WPA (Works Progress Administration) – A New Deal program creating jobs through public works projects.

Demagogue – A political leader who gains support by appealing to emotions and prejudices rather than reason.

Executive Order 8802 – A 1941 order banning racial discrimination in the defense industry.

Manhattan Project – The secret U.S. project that developed the atomic bomb during World War II.

“Rosie the Riveter” – A cultural icon representing women working in factories during World War II.