· administers the kingdom, supervises court personnel, advises the king on appointing counts and dukes, protects the king’s wards, and commands the royal army.

Pepin the Short

· given the title “king of the Franks” instead of “Mayor of the Palace.”

· he wanted the Franks to protect the Church from the Lombards who were threatening the papal lands around Rome.

Charlemagne

· founded Carolingian dynasty

· crowned emperor of Rome by Pope Leo III.

· first ruler of the Holy Roman Empire that marked the unification of Germanic strength, the Church, and the Roman Empire’s inheritance.

Treaty of Verdun

· signed in 843 by Charlemagne’s grandsons dividing the Carolingian empire into three parts for political boundaries

CHRISTIANITY

· One of the most influential religions during ancient Rome and even until today is Christianity. As ancient Rome entered Pax Romana, Christianity spread throughout the region like a wildfire.

Pax Romana

· where there was a free exchange of ideas

· roman peace

By the end of Pax Romana, many Christians were persecuted, burned, crucified, and killed in the arena as they refused to worship Roman deities.

Eastern Orthodoxy

Michael Cerularius

· patriarch of Constantinople

· was excommunicated from the Christian Church Rome, Italy.

The subsequent separation created two major branches of European Christian Church

· Western Roman Catholic Church

· Eastern Orthodox Church, referred to as the East-West Schism, or the Great Schism of 1054.

Eastern Orthodoxy

The permissibility of using unleavened bread in the sacrament of communion.
Precise language of the Nicene Creed.
Western idea that priests should maintain their celibacy.
Iconoclasm or the opposing practice by Byzantine Christians regarding icons and images.

Great Schism

· occurred as a result of theological and political tensions.

Comparison of the two branches of Christianity

Roman Catholic Church

· Church is led by the pope based in Rome

· Latin

· Priests observe celibacy

· Pope exercises authority over emperors

· Permits veneration of religious icons

similarities

· Faith based on Christ’s teachings

· Church leaders

· convert people to Christianity

Eastern Orthodox Church

· Church is led by the patriarch based in Constantinople

· Greek

· Priests are allowed to get married

· Emperor has authority over the patriarch and Church

· Prohibits the veneration of religious icons

ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH

· Had developed into stronger institution from economic strata

· Powerful monarchs began to doubt on pope’s authority

· claimed authority from God through Jesus Christ

Holy Roman Empire

· Site of dramatic power between popes and emperors

Gregory I

· expanded the authority of the pope’s office

· head of the Church in Rome.

· became a secular entity involved in politics.

· declared Henry to be a heretic

Peter

· “the rock upon which my church will be built,”

· bestowed upon him the keys of kingdom of heaven

· first pope, the church’s leader, and all subsequent popes as his successors are endowed with the same divine power. It had developed and established its own hierarchy.

Pope

· head of the Church.

Cardinals

· counselors and administrators of the Church.

archbishops and bishops

· ecclesiastical authorities over a cathedral or big area.

Priests

· ecclesiastical leaders of a small parish, village or hometown.

Monastic orders

· individuals who lived in monasteries under the head of a monastery or church.

HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE

· proclamation of Charlemagne as holy roman emperor

· characterized by priest’s authority to influence on the decision that the ruling emperor was made

Otto I

· Henry the Fowler’s son

· he controlled the Roman Catholic Church in Germany by alliances with clergy to bolster the royal authority and control over the German clergy.

< The unity of the Church (led by the pope) and the state (ruled by the emperor) established the foundations of the Roman Empire in the Middle Ages

1987 Philippine Constitution

· states that the separation of the Church and State is inviolable.

The Church was dissatisfied that rulers such as Otto exercised authority over the clergy and their offices. It prevents the state’s practice of lay investiture (wherein monarchs and nobles nominated church officials through a ceremony)

In an agreement named Concordat of Worms (the Church alone could nominate a bishop under its rules, but the emperor might veto the appointment)

Henry IV

· quickly call an assembly of his newly appointed German bishops.

· With the bishops’ permission, the emperor ordered Gregory’s resignation from pope

· attempted to get the pope’s forgiveness in order to retain his crown.

Note