Type of cells in the body

1. Germ cells/ sex cells/ gametes - sperm cell and egg cell. Divides through meiosis. Each daughter cells contain haploid chromosomes 

2. Somatic cells - divides through mitosis. Diploid chromosome 

Phases of cell cycle

1. Interphase -longest phase. Divided into three sub-phases: 

• G1 - before dna synthesis 

• S1 - DNA synthesis phase

• G2 - after DNA synthesis. After this cell is ready to undergo division

2. Cell division Phase

• Prophase - condensation of nuclear material. Appear smaller and darker under the microscope. Disappearance of nuclear membrane and nucleoid.

• Metaphase - chromosomes align at the middle or the equatorial plate.

• Anaphase - separated chromosomes attach to spindle fibers and move towards opposite poles.

• Telophase - two daughter cells are formed. The nuclear membrane and nucleolus reappears.

Typical parts of a animal cell 

1. Cell membrane - principal limiting membrane or barrier. Regulating inflow and outflow of cytoplasmic substances. 

2. Cytoplasm - fluid medium (cytosol) 

3. Nuclear sap - fluid medium in nucleus

4. Mitochondria - powerhouse of the cell. Produces energy in the form of ATP through the Krebs cycle.

5. Lysosomes - contains hydrolase

6.  Peroxisomes - contains oxidase or oxidative enzyme 

• Hydrolase and oxidase - destroy and neutralise foreign agents that go into the cell.

-neutrophil

-eosinophil

-macrosinopil

7.  Rough er - protein synthesis. Granular protein. For external use.

8.  Free ribosomes - Freely suspended in the cytoplasm. Also synthesises protein (lipoproteins, glycoproteins) intended for internal/cellular use.

9. Smooth er- for internal use of cells. Lipid, steroid, and carbohydrates.

10.  Golgi apparatus - packaging center of cell prior to release out of the cell.  (exocytosis) 

11.  Centriole - is a paired structure that helps in the formation and guide spindle fibers during mitosis and meiosis. 

• During divisions they migrate toward opposite poles.

12. Vacuole - rarely seen in animal cells. Serves as a storage for minerals, proteins, as well as pigments.

13. Nucleus - spheroidal shape at the center of the cell.

• Contains chromosome inside. 

• Chromosome composed of DNA

14. Porous nuclear membrane - permits the entry and exit of substances between the nucleus and cytoplasm 

15. Nucleolus - Prominent spherical body inside of nucleus (small).

• involved in protein synthesis.

• Contains RNA (Ribonucleic Acid) in contrast to chromosomes.