Unit 6 Study Guide- Bio

📘 The Cell Cycle

Flashcard 1
Q: What happens during the G1 phase of interphase?
A: The cell grows, performs normal functions, and prepares for DNA replication.

Flashcard 2
Q: What occurs during the S phase of interphase?
A: DNA is replicated, resulting in two identical copies of each chromosome.

Flashcard 3
Q: What happens in the G2 phase of interphase?
A: The cell continues to grow and prepares for mitosis by producing necessary proteins.

Flashcard 4
Q: What is the G0 phase?
A: A resting phase where the cell is not dividing or preparing to divide.

Flashcard 5
Q: What is mitosis?
A: Mitosis is the division of the cell's nucleus into two identical nuclei.

Flashcard 6
Q: What occurs during prophase?
A: Chromatin condenses into chromosomes, and spindle fibers begin to form.

Flashcard 7
Q: What occurs during metaphase?
A: Chromosomes align at the cell’s equator, attached to spindle fibers.

Flashcard 8
Q: What occurs during anaphase?
A: Sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles of the cell.

Flashcard 9
Q: What occurs during telophase?
A: Nuclear envelopes re-form around chromosomes at each pole.

Flashcard 10
Q: What is cytokinesis?
A: The cytoplasm divides, resulting in two separate daughter cells.

🔬 Compare & Contrast Terms

Flashcard 11
Q: Chromosomes vs. Chromatin
A: Chromatin is the uncoiled form of DNA; chromosomes are condensed, visible structures of DNA during cell division.

Flashcard 12
Q: Sister chromatids vs. Chromosomes
A: Sister chromatids are identical copies of a chromosome connected at a centromere.

Flashcard 13
Q: Centromere vs. Centrioles
A: Centromere connects sister chromatids; centrioles organize spindle fibers during mitosis.

Flashcard 14
Q: Spindle fibers: What are they?
A: Protein structures that help separate chromosomes during mitosis.

🧬 Cell Cycle Regulators

Flashcard 15
Q: What is the purpose of cell division?
A: To create two genetically identical daughter cells for growth or repair.

Flashcard 16
Q: What is differentiation?
A: The process by which cells become specialized in structure and function.

Flashcard 17
Q: What is apoptosis?
A: Programmed cell death that removes damaged or unnecessary cells.

Flashcard 18
Q: What is the function of checkpoints?
A: They monitor the cell cycle and prevent progression if errors are found.

Flashcard 19
Q: G1 checkpoint: What does it check for?
A: Cell size, nutrients, growth signals, and DNA integrity.

Flashcard 20
Q: S checkpoint: What does it check for?
A: DNA replication accuracy and repair of replication errors.

Flashcard 21
Q: G2 checkpoint: What does it check for?
A: DNA damage, replication completion, and cell readiness for mitosis.

Flashcard 22
Q: M checkpoint: What does it check for?
A: Ensures all chromosomes are properly attached to the spindle before separation.

Flashcard 23
Q: What are kinases?
A: Enzymes that activate or deactivate other proteins by phosphorylation.

☣ The Cell Cycle and Cancer

Flashcard 24
Q: What are proto-oncogenes?
A: Normal genes that promote cell division; can become cancer-causing when mutated.

Flashcard 25
Q: What are oncogenes?
A: Mutated proto-oncogenes that promote uncontrolled cell division.

Flashcard 26
Q: What are tumor suppressor genes?
A: Genes that slow the cell cycle or cause apoptosis; prevent tumor formation.

Flashcard 27
Q: How many mutated alleles are needed for oncogenes vs. tumor suppressor genes?
A: Oncogenes: 1 mutated copy (dominant); Tumor suppressor: 2 mutated copies (recessive).

Flashcard 28
Q: Gain vs. loss of function: Oncogenes vs. Tumor suppressor genes
A: Oncogenes = gain of function; Tumor suppressor genes = loss of function.

Flashcard 29
Q: How do mutations affect the cell cycle rate?
A: Oncogene mutations speed it up; tumor suppressor mutations remove brakes.

Flashcard 30
Q: Predict the effect of mutations in proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressors.
A: Mutations in proto-oncogenes may lead to excessive division; mutations in tumor suppressors prevent stopping the cycle, both leading to cancer.