3.1.2.1 Groei

Page 1: Introduction to Child Care in the Community

• Leereenheid 3: Versorging van kinders in die gemeenskap

• Section 3.1.2: Groei en ontwikkeling in kinders

• Compiled by the Community Health Nursing team.

Page 2: Welcome

• Word of Welcome from LUNWU®.

Page 3: Growth and Development in Children

• Focus on the importance of understanding growth and development stages in children.

• Mention of LUNWU®.

Page 4: Growth

• Discussion initiated on the concept of growth, emphasizing its significance in childhood development.

• Mention of LUNWU®.

Page 5: Learning Outcomes (1)

• Post-study outcomes expected:

  • Define key terms:

    • Groei (Growth)

    • Antropometrie (Anthropometry)

    • Baba (Infant)

    • Kleuter (Toddler)

    • Voorskool (Preschool)

    • Kind (Child)

    • Adolessensie (Adolescence)

Page 6: Learning Outcomes (2)

• Goals post-study:

  • Identify main causes of deaths among children under 5 years in South Africa.

  • Identify determinants of neonatal and child mortality.

  • Explain various growth charts utilized to interpret child growth.

Page 7: Learning Outcomes (3)

• Discuss normal growth indicators for children under the following headings:

  • Weight

  • Length

  • Head circumference

  • Mid-Upper Arm Circumference (MUAC)

  • Refer to separate PowerPoints for detailed explanations.

Page 8: Study Materials

• Referenced Materials:

  • Clark, 2015, Chapter 16

  • Clarke, 2016, Chapters 6, 13

  • Hattingh et al., 2012, Chapter 7

  • Road to Health Booklet, 2012

  • New Road To Health Booklet, SideBySide, 2018

  • IMCI Guide, 2014

Page 9: Overview of Presentation on Growth (1)

• Definitions:

  • 1.1 Groei (Growth)

  • 1.2 Antropometrie (Anthropometry)

  • 1.3 Baba (Infant)

  • 1.4 Kleuter (Toddler)

  • 1.5 Voorskool (Preschool)

  • 1.6 Kind (Child)

  • 1.7 Adolessensie (Adolescence)

Page 10: Overview of Presentation on Growth (2)

• Main causes of deaths among children under 5 years in South Africa:

  • HIV/AIDS

  • Diarrheal diseases

  • Pneumonia

  • Neonatal conditions (within first 28 days after birth).

Page 11: Definitions

• Introduces the key definitions important for understanding child growth and development processes.

Page 12: Growth

• Definition of growth: "An increase in body size or change in structure, function, and complexity of body cells to a point of maturity" (translated from Clark, 2015:395).

Page 13: Anthropometry

• "Measurements of the body" (translated from Clarke, 2016: 84).

• Anthropometry is the science of comparative measurement of parts of the human body (translated from Bailliere's, 2012: 25).

  • Measurements are taken and compared with certain standards.

  • Used to evaluate over-nutrition or under-nutrition.

  • Can monitor the effects of nutritional intervention.

  • Valuable information when accurately recorded over time (Clarke, 2016: 84).

Page 14: Infant

• Defined as young children between birth and 12 months of age. (translated from Clarke, 2016: 347).

Page 15: Toddler

• Defined as a child that has begun walking.

• The term toddler indicates the unsteady walking of a young child (Clark, 2016:347).

Page 16: Preschool

• Defined as age 3 to 6 years (Clarke, 2016: 347).

Page 17: Child

• Defined as anyone under the age of 18 years (translated from Clarke, 2016: 347).

Page 18: Adolescence

• Defined as the period of physical and psychological development from the onset of puberty to full maturity, ranging from ages 10 to 19 years (translated from Clarke, 2016: 347).

Page 19: Summary of Definitions

• Fetus: Before birth

• Neonate: Birth - 28 days

• Infant: Birth - 12 months

• Toddler: When the baby starts walking

• Preschool: Age 3 - 6 years

• Child: Anyone under 18 years

• Adolescence: Onset of puberty to full maturity, 10 - 19 years (Clarke, 2016:347).

Page 20: Main Causes of Deaths in Children Under 5 in South Africa

• Key causes:

  • HIV/AIDS

  • Diarrheal diseases

  • Pneumonia

  • Neonatal conditions (within the first 28 days after birth) (Clarke, 2016: 348).

Page 21: Determinants of Child Mortality

• Main determinants of neonatal (and child) mortality:

  • Lack of access to safe water

  • Sanitation issues

  • Nutrition

  • Level of maternal education (Clarke, 2016:348).

Page 22: Growth Measurements in Young Children

• Key measurements:

  • Weight

  • Height

  • Head circumference

  • Mid-Upper Arm Circumference (MUAC).

Page 23: Growth Charts

• Growth charts are utilized to interpret the growth of children.

• Three different growth charts provided by the World Health Organization (WHO).

  • Included in the Road to Health Booklets (RtHB).

  • Various aspects of child growth assessed.

  • Z-scores used to classify a child's growth (Clarke, 2016: 86).

  • Boys and girls have different growth charts.

Page 24: Growth Charts

• WHO Child Growth Standards used for assessing and monitoring infants and children.

• Road to Health Booklet (RtHB) serves as a record of the child’s health history.

  • Includes recording weights and connecting dots to indicate how the child is growing (Clarke, 2016:86-87).

Page 25: Growth Charts in the Road to Health Booklets and IMCI Guide

• For boys: Weight-for-age charts, height-for-age charts, weight-for-height charts (DOH, RtHB, 2018: 11-15).

• For girls: Weight-for-age charts, height-for-age charts, weight-for-height charts (DOH, RtHB, 2018: 16-20).

Page 26: Interpretation of Growth Charts

• Weight-for-Age Chart shows body weight relative to age in comparison to the median (0-line):

  • Below -2 line = underweight.

  • Below -3 line = severely underweight.

  • A child whose line shifts away from the median may indicate growth issues.

Page 27: Documentation on Growth Charts

• Important notes to record on the growth charts:

  • Illnesses (e.g., diarrhea, ARI).

  • Hospital admissions.

  • Introduction of solids.

  • Cessation of breastfeeding.

  • Birth of subsequent children.

Page 28: Self-Study

• Self-study resources:

  • Clarke, 2016 pages 86 and 87.

  • Hattingh et al., 2012 pages 238-243.

Page 29: Summary

• Key points summarized:

  • Definitions

  • Main causes of child mortality in South Africa

  • Determinants of child mortality

  • Growth charts utilized for interpreting child growth.

Page 30: Assessment

• Define the following key terms:

  • Groei (Growth)

  • Antropometrie (Anthropometry)

  • Baba (Infant)

  • Kleuter (Toddler)

  • Voorskool (Preschool)

  • Kind (Child)

  • Adolessensie (Adolescence)

• Identify major causes of deaths in children under 5 in South Africa.

• Identify key determinants of neonatal (and child) mortality.

• Explain different growth charts that are used for interpreting child growth.

Page 31: References

• Bailliere’s Nurses Dictionary: For nurses and health care workers. 2009. 25th edition. London: Elsevier Bailliere Tindall.

• Clark, M.J. 2015. Population and Community Health Nursing. 6th ed. New Jersey: Pearson Education.

• Clarke, M. 2016. Vlok's Community Health. Revised 6th ed. Cape Town: Juta & Company.

• Department of Health. 2012. Road to Health Boys.

• Department of Health. 2012. Road to Health Girls.

• Department of Health. 2014. Integrated Management of Childhood Illness.

• Department of Health. 2018. Road To Health Booklet. (SideBySide).

• Hattingh, S., Dreyer, M., Roos, S. 2012. Community Nursing: a South African Manual. 4th ed. Cape Town: Oxford University Press.

Page 32: Thank You

• Expression of gratitude from LUNWU®.