Chapter 14 PLANT AND FUNGI DIVERSIFICATION—WHERE DID ALL THE PLANTS AND FUNGI COME FROM?

Chapter Outline

I. Plants Face Multiple Challenges

A. What Is a Plant?

· Like animals, plants are eukaryotic and multicellular. However, plants are quite different in other aspects. They produce their own food in the process of photosynthesis, and they are unable to move.

· Plants have a variety of structures that are specialized to meet their unique needs. Indicate the role of each of the following structures.

o Roots:

Part of the plant below ground

o Shoot:

Part of the plant above ground

· Not all plants contain chlorophyll. Provide an example of a plant that is not reliant on chlorophyll and explain how that plant acquires the nutrients it needs.

Dodder, it steals nutrients from the host plants it grows on

· Plants face a series of challenges based on their immobility. Explain how plants have adapted to meet each of the following challenges.

o Acquiring sunlight:

Obtaining food, plants cant move to reach sunlight, they bend in place and grow towards the light

o Reproduction:

Male and Female cant meet to reproduce. They alternate haploid and diploid life stages and transports made gametes.

o Resisting predators:

Plants cant run from predators, so they develop adaptions to defend themselves

· Contrast the differences between vascular and non-vascular plants.

Vascular has vessels to transport water and nutrients while non-vascular doesnt

B. Colonizing Land Brought New Opportunities and New Challenges

· The aquatic ancestors of terrestrial plants are the green algae . One type of aquatic plant considered to be the closest relative of land plants is the coleochates.

· The first terrestrial plants are thought to have appeared approximately 25 million years ago. Describe the features of those early plants.

Plants faced problems with gravity and desiccation

· Describe the role of the cuticle in protecting land plants.

Cuticle developed when adapting to ground water protesting it from drying out

C. Mosses and Other Non-Vascular Plants Lack Vessels for Transporting Nutrients and Water

· The non-vascular plants, also called the bryophytes, are all low-growing. Why?

They have no structures that can transport water and nutrients from the soil

· There are three specific categories of non-vascular plants. The categories are the

mosses, liverworts and hornworts

· Non-vascular plants have a method of reproduction often referred to as alternation of generations. Figure 14-7 depicts this life cycle. Label each structure in the spaces provided and indicate the four steps involved in this process.

1. When there’s rainfall on the leaves, sperm swim to the female reproductive structures to fertilize.

2. Miotosis, a diploid embryo forms and develops into a adult

3. Diploid moss develops a capsule, spores are produced when released

4. A spore lands on moist soil and grow by mitosis into an adult haploid moss

D. The Evolution of Vascular Tissue Made Large Plants Possible

· The two specific categories of vascular seedless plants are the ferns and the horsetails How does the anatomy of these plants relate to the environments in which they live?

Both have vascular tissue, in their environments its in moist places

· Describe how reproduction in seedless vascular plants is similar to that of the non- vascular plants.

o How is reproduction different between the two groups?

They both dont use seeds, but their main life stages is different, non-vasular produces gametophytes.

II. The Evolution of the Seed Opened New Worlds to Plants

A. What Is a Seed?

· The development of seeds in plants was a unique adaptation that prepared plants to survive in more diverse environments. Plants that produce seeds include the

gymnosperms and angiosperms.

· Describe how the structure of seeds is different from the spores seen in the bryophytes.

Fertilizations produces diploid seed, has embryo, endosperms, and fuel for growth ex. yolk to eggs

· Plants that produce seeds must produce haploid gametes. This haploid form is referred to as the gametophyte. The female version of this form is the

Ovules and the male version of this form produces

Pollen grains.

B. With the Evolution of the Seed, Gymnosperms Became the Dominant Plants

· The gymnosperms all produce seeds but are unique in that they produce their

Ovules on cone-like structures.

· Describe the common characteristics of the gymnosperms.

Distributive water and nutrients with a circulatory system of vascular tissues,

reproductive structures called cones produce gametes, and fertilization produces seeds.

· The four major groups of gymnosperms include:

1. Conifers

2. Cycads

3. Gnetophytes

4. Ginkyo

· Cones are unique to the gymnosperms. Describe how male and female cones differ from each other.

Male cones are smaller, releases pollen grains, and wind to reach female.

Female cones are larger, had ovules, and produces seeds

· The most common method of pollen dispersal in the pines is via wind dispersal.

· Describe the haploid stage of the life cycle in gymnosperms as it compares to that of non-vascular plants.

C. Conifers Include the Tallest and Longest-Living Trees

· The conifers include members that are both the oldest and tallest species in existence.

· Conifers have a variety of unique features that have contributed to their evolutionary success. Describe two of those features.

1. The outer layer of the tree trunk and brances are bark (dead tissues) that protects the living tissue

2. The tree trunk replaces everytime the old one dies

III. Flowering Plants Are the Most Diverse Plants

A. Angiosperms Are the Dominant Plants Today

· Angiosperms species far outnumber those of gymnosperms. A unique adaptation of the angiosperms is that their flowers house the reproductive structures seen in Figure 14-18 (below).

· For each of the following structural elements of flowers seen in Figure 14-18, indicate its function and then label it on the diagram.

o Stamen: made reproductive structures

o Anther: produces pollen

o Filament: supporting stalk

o Carpel: female reproductive structure that consists of the ovary, style, and stigma.

o Stigma: Sticky tip

o Style: Elongated stalk

o Ovary: contains ovules

B. A Flower Is Nothing without a Pollinator

· In order for pollination to occur, the male gametes must get to the female gametes. Although pollination can occur through wind or water dispersal, it is more efficient to use other means. Explain how pollen is transported in these alternate means of dispersal.

o Trickery: Animals are deceived into carrying pollen where only the plant benefits

o Bribery: Animals receive a “reward” for carrying pollen

Mutalism

· Provide several examples of animals that assist in the pollination process.

Humming birds, bees, flies, beetles, butterflies, and even bats