Muscle, Respiratory, and Circulatory Systems Flashcards

Muscular System

• Functions of the Muscular System: Understand the various roles muscles play in the body.

• Types of Muscles:

  • Three types: Skeletal, Smooth, and Cardiac.

  • Characteristics:

    • Voluntary vs. Involuntary control.

    • Striated vs. Not Striated appearance.

    • Number of nuclei (single or multiple).

• Muscle Contraction:

  • Muscle contraction creates heat.

• Antagonistic Pairs:

  • Definition: Muscles that work in opposition to each other.

  • Examples: Flexors and extensors.

• Sliding Filament Theory:

  • Explanation of muscle contraction at the cellular level.

  • Filaments involved: Actin and Myosin.

  • Changes during contraction:

    • Sarcomere: Shortens.

    • Z lines: Move closer together.

    • I band: Decreases in size.

• ATP Creation:

  • Explanation of the three pathways the body uses to generate ATP for muscle contraction.

• Muscle Twitch Types:

  • Fast Twitch vs. Slow Twitch Muscles.

  • Differences in function and characteristics.

• Key Terms:

  • Flexor

  • Sarcolemma

  • Sarcomere

  • Extensor

  • Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

  • Troponin

  • Origin

  • Tropomyosin

  • Actin

  • Myosin

Respiratory System

• Functions of the Respiratory System: List and explain the primary functions.

• Main Structures:

  • Identification of key structures (e.g., lungs, trachea, bronchi, alveoli).

  • Functions of each structure.

• Cilia Cells:

  • Description and role in the respiratory system.

• Inhalation and Exhalation:

  • Explanation of the mechanics of breathing.

• Gas Exchange:

  • Mechanism of oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange.

• Factors Affecting Oxygen Dissociation from Hemoglobin:

  • Details on factors influencing oxygen release.

• Control of Breathing:

  • How the body regulates breathing rate and depth.

• Respiratory Disorders/Diseases:

  • Knowledge of common respiratory conditions from the textbook.

• Key Terms:

  • Tidal Volume

  • Expiratory Reserve Volume

  • Inspiratory Reserve Volume

  • Vital Capacity

  • Residual Volume

  • Total Lung Capacity

Respiratory Tract Diagram

• Labeling of respiratory tract components. (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l)

True or False Statements

• Statement 1: When inhaling, the diaphragm contracts and moves upwards, forcing air to enter the lungs. (False - Diaphragm moves downwards)

• Statement 2: Gases always move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration. (True)

Mechanics of Breathing

• Step-by-step processes of inhalation and exhalation.

Spirograph Volumes

• Labeling and explanation of each volume type: a, b, c, d, e, f.

Respiratory Disorders

• Emphysema vs. Asthma:

  • Distinguishing between the two disorders as a physician, considering shared symptoms.

Gas Exchange

• Detailed description:

  • Oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange from beginning to end.

  • Inclusion of enzymes, membrane processes, molecules, and transport mechanisms.

Chemoreceptors

• Chemoreceptor function:

  • Definition and role in breathing regulation.

• Organ control:

  • Identification of the organ that controls breathing regulation.

Types of Muscle

Sliding Filament Theory

• Detailed explanation of the entire process.

• Filaments involved.

• Four events during muscle contraction.

Functions of the Muscular System

• The muscular system plays various roles including movement, posture maintenance, and heat generation.

Types of Muscles

• Skeletal Muscle: Voluntary, striated, multiple nuclei.

• Smooth Muscle: Involuntary, not striated, single nucleus.

• Cardiac Muscle: Involuntary, striated, single nucleus.

Muscle Contraction

• Muscle contraction creates heat and involves antagonistic pairs (e.g., flexors and extensors).

Sliding Filament Theory

• Muscle contraction occurs at the cellular level through the interaction of actin and myosin filaments. During contraction:

  • Sarcomere shortens

  • Z lines move closer together

  • I band decreases in size.

ATP Creation

• The body uses three pathways to generate ATP for muscle contraction: direct phosphorylation, anaerobic pathway, and aerobic respiration.

Muscle Twitch Types

• Fast Twitch Muscles: Quick, powerful bursts of energy, fatigue faster.

• Slow Twitch Muscles: Endurance-oriented, contract slowly and resist fatigue.

Functions of the Respiratory System

• The primary functions include gas exchange, regulating blood pH, and facilitating olfaction.

Main Structures

• Lungs: Primary organs for gas exchange.

• Trachea: Air passageway from throat to lungs.

• Bronchi: Major air passages from trachea to lungs.

• Alveoli: Tiny air sacs for gas exchange.

Cilia Cells

• Cilia in the respiratory tract help move mucus and trapped particles out of the lungs.

Inhalation and Exhalation

• Inhalation involves diaphragm contraction and rib cage expansion; exhalation involves diaphragm relaxation and rib cage contraction.

Gas Exchange

• Oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange occurs in the alveoli through diffusion.

Factors Affecting Oxygen Dissociation from Hemoglobin

• Factors include pH levels, temperature, and concentration of carbon dioxide.

Control of Breathing

• Breathing rate and depth are regulated by the brain's respiratory center, primarily in the medulla oblongata and pons.

Key Terms

• Tidal Volume: Amount of air inhaled or exhaled during normal breathing.

• Vital Capacity: Total amount of air breathed in after maximal inhalation, minus the residual volume.

True or False Statements

• False: When inhaling, the diaphragm contracts and moves downwards.

• True: Gases always move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration.

Mechanics of Breathing

• The process involves inhalation (air entering lungs) and exhalation (air leaving lungs).

Respiratory Disorders

• Emphysema: Damage to alveoli leading to shortness of breath.

• Asthma: Inflammation and narrowing of airways, causing breathing difficulties