chapter 2 textbook 1
Lifespan Perspective Characteristics
The lifespan perspective encompasses various aspects that illustrate the complexity of human development and aging.
Characteristics of the Lifespan Perspective
Development is Lifelong
Human development occurs at every age and continues across the entire lifespan, with periods of stability, change, and growth.
Example: An individual may learn new skills or adapt to new environments at any stage of life.
Development is Multidimensional
Development involves multiple domains: biological, cognitive, and socio-emotional, each affecting the other.
Example: Aging impacts physical health (biological), mental abilities (cognitive), and emotional relationships (socio-emotional).
Development is Plastic
Individuals can change over time, and development is not fixed; there is potential for change in response to various influences.
Example: Older adults can learn new technologies to maintain social connections.
Development is Multidisciplinary
Understanding human development requires perspectives from various fields such as psychology, sociology, anthropology, and biology.
Example: The study of aging benefits from insights in healthcare, cultural norms, and psychological theories.
Development is Contextual
Development occurs within particular social, cultural, and economic contexts; these contexts shape experiences and outcomes.
Example: Cultural attitudes toward aging influence how older adults are treated and valued in society.
Development is Multidirectional
Development involves gains and losses across different areas; individuals may improve in some areas while declining in others.
Example: An older adult may experience physical decline while developing greater wisdom or emotional resilience.
Development is Influenced by Historical Changes
Events and changes in society (historical context) shape the development of individuals at different times.
Example: Baby boomers experienced significant societal changes that influenced their life choices and opportunities.
The Role of Evolutionary Biology
Evolutionary psychology provides a framework to understand the biological underpinnings of human behavior and development over time, particularly concerning the adaptive functions of behavior.
Example: As individuals age, they require cultural resources like medical technology and social support, illustrating the interaction of biology and culture.
Example of Alzheimer’s Disease in Context
Alzheimer’s disease is an irreversible brain disorder that typically manifests after age 70, illustrating the intricacies of aging and the need for societal support.
If Alzheimer's affected younger individuals (e.g., in their 20s), it could challenge our understanding of evolution - potentially leading to adaptations in human culture and health resources to accommodate earlier cognitive decline.
Evolutionary Psychology Evaluation
While evolutionary psychology has gained attention, it has limitations:
One-Sided Approach: Critics argue it often neglects environmental and social factors.
After-the-Fact Explanations: Many instances are explained retrospectively without empirical backing.
Scientific Testability Issues: Direct proof is challenging due to the long timescales of evolution.
Bidirectional Interaction Perspective: Acknowledges that evolution and environment influence each other, challenging the notion that genetics alone dictate behavior.
Connection to Aging
Critical periods discussed in ethological theory relate to aging, emphasizing sensitive times when specific influences are particularly impactful.
Reflecting on personal development: Consider whether evolutionary perspectives or their criticisms better explain individual life experiences.
Understanding Genetics in Development
Genes and Chromosomes: Genes are units of heredity housed in chromosomes, affecting physical and behavioral traits throughout the lifespan.
Genomic Insights: The Human Genome Project revealed complexities in human genetics, underscoring that many traits result from multiple genes rather than one-to-one relationships.
Gene Expression and Environmental Interaction
Genetic expression is influenced by environmental factors, demonstrating the interplay of nature and nurture.
External elements (stress, nutrition) can alter gene behaviors, impacting health and longevity.
Genetic Principles
Dominant vs. Recessive Genes: Dominant genes overshadow recessive traits; traits can manifest based on genetic combinations.
Sex-Linked Genes: Conditions tied to X chromosomes highlight gender differences in genetic disorders.
Polygenic Inheritance: Many traits result from multiple genes working together.
Importance of Genetic Context
Genetic abnormalities (Down syndrome, sickle cell anemia) reflect complex interactions of genetic and environmental influences, revealing the impact on development.
Understanding such relationships can guide interventions and treatments, highlighting the critical nature of tailored approaches to human health and development.