Chapter 16 and 14 Review

Chapter 16 Review: Blood Vessels

• Arteries:
  • Carry blood away from the heart.
  • Tunica Media: Thickest part of the vessel wall in arteries.
  • Elastic Arteries: Conducting arteries.
  • Muscular Arteries: Distributing arteries.
• Veins:
  • Carry blood to the heart.
• Capillaries:
  • Connect arteries and veins to assist with oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) exchange.
• Large Veins:
  • Venae cavae (superior and inferior vena cava).
  • Pulmonary veins.
  • Internal jugular veins.
• Medium Veins:
  • Radial and ulnar veins of the forearm.
  • Saphenous veins in the legs.
• Passive Transports:
  • Three passive transports exchange nutrients between blood vessels and tissue:
    • Diffusion.
    • Osmosis.
    • Filtration.
• Pulmonary Circulation:
  • Path: Right ventricle → Pulmonary arteries → Lungs → Pulmonary veins → Left atrium.
• Systemic Circulation:
  • Path: Left ventricle → Aorta → Body tissues → Veins → Right atrium.
• Arterial Pulses:
  • Radial (wrist).
  • Carotid (neck).
  • Brachial (inner elbow).
  • Femoral.
  • Dorsalis pedis (top of foot).
  • Popliteal (behind knee).

Blood Types and Blood Pressure

• Universal Donor:
  • Type O.
• Universal Recipient:
  • Type AB.
• Rh- Moms and Rh+ Babies:
  • Rh- mothers who become pregnant with Rh+ babies are treated with RhoGAM.
  • Erythroblastosis Fetalis: Occurs when the mother's blood attacks the fetus's blood cells.
• Circle of Willis:
  • A circle of arteries at the base of the brain.
• Hepatic Portal Vein:
  • Takes blood to the liver.
• Blood Pressure Readings:
  • Systolic: Ventricles contract.
  • Diastolic: Ventricles relax.
• Factors Affecting Blood Pressure:
  • Cardiac output.
  • Blood volume.
  • Resistance.
• Atherosclerosis:
  • The build-up of plaque in the lumen of arterial walls.
• Hormones that Raise Blood Pressure:
  • Renin.
  • Angiotensin I.
  • Angiotensin II.
  • Aldosterone.
  • Antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
  • Epinephrine.
  • Norepinephrine.
• Hormones that Lower Blood Pressure:
  • Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP).
• One-Way Valves:
  • In the veins of the leg, keep gravity from pulling blood toward the foot.

Chapter 14: Blood Components

• Red Blood Cells (RBCs):
  • Suspended in plasma.
  • Official Name: Erythrocytes.
  • Hemoglobin: Carries oxygen (O_2).
  • Globin portion of hemoglobin carries carbon dioxide (CO_2).
  • RBCs cannot reproduce because they lack a nucleus and DNA.
  • Red bone marrow produces blood cells.
  • Erythropoietin (EPO): Released from the kidney to stimulate RBC production.
  • When RBCs are broken down, globin is broken down into amino acids.
• Vitamin B12 Deficiency:
  • Can cause pernicious anemia.
• White Blood Cells (WBCs):
  • Technical name is leukocytes.
  • Neutrophils: Most abundant WBC; attacks bacteria.
  • Eosinophils: Involved in allergic reactions and kill parasites.
  • Basophils: Secrete heparin to prevent clots.
  • Lymphocytes: WBC with the longest lifespan (weeks to decades).
  • Monocytes: Largest of the WBCs.
  • Leukopenia: Low WBC count.
• Platelets:
  • Also known as thrombocytes.
  • Collect to create a clot.
• Plasminogen:
  • Converted into plasmin to break up clots.
• Blood Types:
  • Determined by antigens on the surface of RBCs.