Chapter 16 and 14 Review

Chapter 16 Review: Blood Vessels

  • Arteries:
    • Carry blood away from the heart.
    • Tunica Media: Thickest part of the vessel wall in arteries.
    • Elastic Arteries: Conducting arteries.
    • Muscular Arteries: Distributing arteries.
  • Veins:
    • Carry blood to the heart.
  • Capillaries:
    • Connect arteries and veins to assist with oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) exchange.
  • Large Veins:
    • Venae cavae (superior and inferior vena cava).
    • Pulmonary veins.
    • Internal jugular veins.
  • Medium Veins:
    • Radial and ulnar veins of the forearm.
    • Saphenous veins in the legs.
  • Passive Transports:
    • Three passive transports exchange nutrients between blood vessels and tissue:
      • Diffusion.
      • Osmosis.
      • Filtration.
  • Pulmonary Circulation:
    • Path: Right ventricle → Pulmonary arteries → Lungs → Pulmonary veins → Left atrium.
  • Systemic Circulation:
    • Path: Left ventricle → Aorta → Body tissues → Veins → Right atrium.
  • Arterial Pulses:
    • Radial (wrist).
    • Carotid (neck).
    • Brachial (inner elbow).
    • Femoral.
    • Dorsalis pedis (top of foot).
    • Popliteal (behind knee).

Blood Types and Blood Pressure

  • Universal Donor:
    • Type O.
  • Universal Recipient:
    • Type AB.
  • Rh- Moms and Rh+ Babies:
    • Rh- mothers who become pregnant with Rh+ babies are treated with RhoGAM.
    • Erythroblastosis Fetalis: Occurs when the mother's blood attacks the fetus's blood cells.
  • Circle of Willis:
    • A circle of arteries at the base of the brain.
  • Hepatic Portal Vein:
    • Takes blood to the liver.
  • Blood Pressure Readings:
    • Systolic: Ventricles contract.
    • Diastolic: Ventricles relax.
  • Factors Affecting Blood Pressure:
    • Cardiac output.
    • Blood volume.
    • Resistance.
  • Atherosclerosis:
    • The build-up of plaque in the lumen of arterial walls.
  • Hormones that Raise Blood Pressure:
    • Renin.
    • Angiotensin I.
    • Angiotensin II.
    • Aldosterone.
    • Antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
    • Epinephrine.
    • Norepinephrine.
  • Hormones that Lower Blood Pressure:
    • Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP).
  • One-Way Valves:
    • In the veins of the leg, keep gravity from pulling blood toward the foot.

Chapter 14: Blood Components

  • Red Blood Cells (RBCs):
    • Suspended in plasma.
    • Official Name: Erythrocytes.
    • Hemoglobin: Carries oxygen (O_2).
    • Globin portion of hemoglobin carries carbon dioxide (CO_2).
    • RBCs cannot reproduce because they lack a nucleus and DNA.
    • Red bone marrow produces blood cells.
    • Erythropoietin (EPO): Released from the kidney to stimulate RBC production.
    • When RBCs are broken down, globin is broken down into amino acids.
  • Vitamin B12 Deficiency:
    • Can cause pernicious anemia.
  • White Blood Cells (WBCs):
    • Technical name is leukocytes.
    • Neutrophils: Most abundant WBC; attacks bacteria.
    • Eosinophils: Involved in allergic reactions and kill parasites.
    • Basophils: Secrete heparin to prevent clots.
    • Lymphocytes: WBC with the longest lifespan (weeks to decades).
    • Monocytes: Largest of the WBCs.
    • Leukopenia: Low WBC count.
  • Platelets:
    • Also known as thrombocytes.
    • Collect to create a clot.
  • Plasminogen:
    • Converted into plasmin to break up clots.
  • Blood Types:
    • Determined by antigens on the surface of RBCs.