TOPIC 3.2 LIFE IN MADINAH NOTES

Events Followed by Migration

• Following the orders of Allah, Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) escaped from Makkah for Yathrib with his friend.

• They hid in Cave Thaur for three days.

• Continued the journey with Hazrat Amir (slave) and Abdullah bin Uraiqit (guide).

• On Monday, they reached Quba where Hazrat Ali (RZ) joined them.

• Stayed in Quba for four days; built the first mosque of Islam, Masjid-e-Quba.

• Reached the quarters of Banu Salim on Friday; established the sermon and congregational prayer.

• Prophet (PBUH) was joyfully greeted upon arrival at Yathrib, especially by women and children.

• Name of the city changed from Yathrib to Madina-tun-Nabi (The City of Prophet) or Al Madina-tul-Munawwara (The Illuminated City).

Construction of Mosque

• During the journey, many people requested Prophet (PBUH) to stay with them; he deferred the decision to his she-camel.

• She-camel knelt down at the land purchased for building the mosque and his house, which belonged to two orphans, Sohail and Sahal.

• Stayed with Hazrat Abu Ayub Ansari (RZ) as construction occurred.

• Prophet (PBUH) actively participated in building the mosque, carrying bricks.

• The mosque served as a center for worship, education (Suffah Bench), and as the headquarters of the Muslim state.

Introduction of Azaan

• System of Azaan was introduced to call believers for congregational prayer.

• Prophet (PBUH) sought suggestions from Companions for the call to prayer.

• Hazrat Abdullah bin Zaid (RZ) shared a dream with the words of Azaan; Prophet (PBUH) instructed to teach those words to Hazrat Bilal (RZ), who became the first Muezzin.

• Hazrat Umar (RZ) shared a similar dream, confirming the Azaan.

Brotherhood

• Established brotherhood between Emigrants (Muhajirin) from Makkah and Helpers (Ansars) from Madinah.

• Two tribes in Madinah, Aws and Khazraj, had historical rivalries.

• Old divisions were wiped; Ansars accepted their new identity.

• Emigrants sacrificed everything for Islam's survival, arriving penniless in Madinah.

• Prophet (PBUH) encouraged Ansars to share their properties and businesses, setting a historical standard for hospitality.

• The Quran highlights this unity in 8:72 Al-Anfal, emphasizing mutual support.

Charter of Madinah

• Jewish and non-Muslim tribes were present in Madinah; Prophet (PBUH) formed a treaty to ensure peace and rights.

• This charter offered religious and economic freedom, social rights, and responsibilities of loyalty to the state.

• Outlined mutual responsibilities and collaboration during external threats.

Other Events

• In the first and second Hijri years, revelations regarding social and economic laws were received.

• Key prohibitions included wine and Riba (interest), and new laws of inheritance, marriage, and rights of women were established.

• Obligations were introduced, such as fasting in Ramadan and Zakat on wealth, and commands regarding fighting against transgressors.

Change of Qiblah

• Jews mocked Muslims about not having their Qiblah.

• In response, Surah Baqarah, verse 144 was revealed, directing Muslims to face the Ka’bah.

• The direction was changed in a mosque named Al-Qiblatain.

Battle of Badr: Causes

• Muhammad's migration incited the Quraish's hostility; they confiscated the emigrants' properties.

• Abdulah bin Ubai, a leader of the Hypocrites, urged Muslims to retaliate.

• Initially, Allah ordered peace; eventually, permission was granted in 22:39 Al-Hajj to fight for justice.

• Madinah’s location positioned Muslims to raid Quraish caravans, threatening economic disruption.

Battle of Badr: Main Events

• In 623 A.D/2 A.H, Abu Sufyan led a significant caravan from Syria; capturing it could cripple the Quraish.

• Prophet (PBUH) stationed 313 men, including 83 Emigrants and 170 from Aws and Khazraj.

• Abu Sufyan learned of the Muslim ambush, chose a different route, and dispatched for assistance.

• 1300 Quraish soldiers set out to aid him but learned the caravan reached safely.

Battle of Badr: Conflict

• The Quraish debated their march towards Badr.

• Muhammad consulted his companions who pledged loyalty for battle.

• Prophetic strategy included controlling water sources; camps were fortified against a stronger enemy.

• Quraish was misled about Muslim numbers; tensions grew as skirmishes commenced.

Battle of Badr: Outcomes

• Quraish lost 70 men, while Muslims endured 14 martyrs.

• Muslims captured substantial spoils, treating prisoners leniently.

• Determines future interactions and relations between Makkah and Madinah, setting a foundation for Islamic governance.

Battle of Uhud: Causes

• Loss at Badr ignited Quraish hostility; they sought revenge against Muslims.

• Abu Sufyan’s prior defeat initiated a new offensive strategy; hostility was fueled further by earlier wars.

• 3000 troops were raised after losses, with a sharpened focus on retaliation.

Battle of Uhud: Events

• Muslims initially had the upper hand; infighting and miscommunication led to disorder.

• Prophet (PBUH) sustained injuries during the conflict.

• Hazrat Hamza (RZ) was killed, creating distress within the ranks.

Battle of Uhud: Outcomes

• Muslims lost 70 men including notable leaders.

• Quraish’s victory was mitigated by their losses and the resilience exhibited by Muslims.

Battle of Trench: Causes

• Banu Nadhir’s assassination plot and eventual expulsion incited hostility.

• Alliances with Quraish culminated in a massive assault on Madinah.

Battle of Trench: Events

• Muslims recruited defensive strategies, including the digging of trenches as advised by Hazrat Salman Farsi.

• Prophet (PBUH) engaged in fortification efforts while also addressing provisions for non-combatants.

• A protracted siege tested the resolve of both parties; Allah delivered divine assistance.

Battle of Trench: Outcomes

• Following the siege, Banu Quraiza’s betrayal was confronted, leading to significant repercussions.

Treaty of Hudaibiya: Preparations

• Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) dreamt of entering the Sacred Mosque.

• Exhilaration among believers shifted to confrontation upon unsuccessful negotiations with Quraish.

Treaty of Hudaibiya: Events

• The treaty mandated return and negotiation efforts; potential conflict brewed among factions in Makkah.

• Key clauses highlighted limited aggressions and shared responsibilities among tribes.

Letters to Emperors

• Letters were dispatched to various leaders, including Negus, the vicegerent of Egypt, and Chosroes of Persia inviting to Islam or negotiating peace.

• Responses varied from support to animosity, showcasing the growing interest in and opposition to Islamic governance.

Khyber Expedition: Causes

• Repetitive threats from Jewish tribes led to a military response.

• Prophet Muhammad organized a swift and strategic campaign to neutralize threats.

Khyber Expedition: Events

• Led an army against fortified positions; notable figures like Hazrat Ali (RZ) distinguished themselves.

• Following victories, terms of surrender altered settlements around Khyber.

Conquest of Makkah: Causes

• Violation of the Treaty of Hudaibiya by Quraish prompted mobilization by Prophet (PBUH).

Conquest of Makkah: Events

• Led an army of 10,000 against Makkah; his approach emphasized minimal violence with an aim for peace.

• Righteous conduct and amnesty encouraged Makkah's peaceful surrender.

Battle of Hunain: Causes

• Subsequent to the Conquest of Makkah, the people of Taif sought retaliation.

Battle of Hunain: Outcomes

• Prophet faced initial setbacks yet strategized effectively; eventually leading to victory over the enemy.

Tabuk Expedition: Causes

• Growing threats from Byzantine forces necessitated a preemptive response by Muslims.

Tabuk Expedition: Outcomes

• Though confrontation was avoided, alliances with neighboring tribes were formed solidifying Islamic influence.

Prophet’s Last Sermon and Hajj

• In his final pilgrimage, Muhammad (PBUH) emphasized critical teachings.

• Delivered his Last Sermon reiterating equality, faith, obedience, and community rights.

Illness and Death

• Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) succumbed to illness; profound impact on the community during his last days.

• At his passing, reiterated teachings of unity and fidelity among Muslims.

• His burial reflects the cohesive leadership and faith surrounding his life.