PE UNIT 3 Sac revision notes

Page 1: Introduction

• PE U3 Notes: Physical Education (Trinity Grammar School)

• Notes scanned from a resource available on Studocu.

• The document is not officially endorsed by any college/university.

Page 2: AOS 1 - Improving Movement Skills

Classifying Movement Skills

• Skill: Ability to perform a task successfully.

• Motor Skill: Voluntary body movement for task performance.

• Fundamental Motor Skills (FMS): Basic body movements foundational for sport-specific skills.

  • Types of FMS:

    • Locomotor Skills: Moving through space (e.g., walking, running).

    • Object Control Skills: Manipulating objects (e.g., throwing, kicking).

    • Body Control/Stability Skills: Maintaining balance (e.g., climbing).

    • Aquatic Skills: Skills related to water (e.g., swimming).

• Sport Specific Skills: Unique skills required for specific sports, combining multiple FMS in sequence.

Movement Precision

• Gross Motor Skills: Involve larger muscle groups, less emphasis on precision (e.g., running).

• Fine Motor Skills: Involve smaller muscles, require precision (e.g., throwing a dart).

Types of Movement

• Discrete Motor Skills: Clear beginning and end (e.g., kicking a ball).

• Serial Motor Skills: Multiple discrete skills in sequence (e.g., gymnastics routine).

• Continuous Motor Skills: No clear start/end (e.g., swimming, cycling).

Predictability of the Environment

• Closed Motor Skills: High control over environment (e.g., indoor diving).

• Open Motor Skills: Performance in unpredictable conditions (e.g., kayaking).

Page 3: Stages of Learning

Learning Stages

• Cognitive Stage: Beginner; significant errors, mentally grasping movement requirements.

• Associative Stage: Practicing stage; refinement of skills, increased consistency, error correction strategies.

• Autonomous Stage: Advanced; skills become automatic, anticipation developed, self-correction is possible.

Practice Strategies

• Distribution:

  • Distributed Practice: Short, frequent sessions.

  • Massed Practice: Longer, less frequent sessions.

• Variability:

  • Blocked Practice: Repetitive practice of the same skill.

  • Random Practice: Varied sequencing of different skills.

Feedback Types

• Intrinsic Feedback: Self-assessment through personal senses (visual, auditory, proprioception).

• Augmented Feedback: External feedback from a coach, given during or after performance.

  • Knowledge of Results: Outcome feedback (success/failure).

  • Knowledge of Performance: Feedback on the execution of a skill.

Page 4: Qualitative Movement Analysis (QMA)

QMA Process

• Purpose: Systematic observation to improve performance through appropriate intervention.

• Preparation:

  • Purpose, knowledge of the game, media technology utilization.

• Observations: Live or recorded performances.

• Evaluation: Quality judgment of performance; identifying problems and solutions.

• Error Correction: Strategies developed for weaknesses, using direct or constraints-based coaching.

• Quantitative Movement Analysis (QMA) Data

  Objective: Uses numerical data to assess movement performance.Data Types:

  • Statistics like speed, distance, frequency, and duration of movements.

  • Can include measurements such as heart rate, force output, and other numerical values that can be objectively assessed.

  • Enables comparison across different trials or subjects.

  Qualitative Movement Analysis (QMA) Data

  Purpose: Systematic observation to improve performance through appropriate intervention.QMA Process:

  1. Preparation: Understanding the purpose, knowledge of the game, and utilization of media technology.

  2. Observations: Conducting live or recorded performance analyses.

  3. Evaluation: Making quality judgments about performance to identify problems and solutions.

  4. Error Correction: Developing strategies to address weaknesses using either direct coaching or constraints-based coaching methods.

  Validity & Reliability of Tests:

  • Test Validity: The capacity to measure intended outcomes.

  • Test Reliability: The consistency of results under similar conditions.

Validity & Reliability of Tests

• Test Validity: Capacity to measure intended outcomes.

• Test Reliability: Consistent results under similar conditions.

Coaching Methods

• Direct Approach: Frequent feedback; suitable for cognitive learners but limits decision-making skills.

• Constraints-Based Instruction: Focus on self-organizing movement patterns affected by individual and environmental factors.

Constraints Examples

Constraints Examples

• Individual Constraints: Body size, fitness levels, mental skills, and perceptual skills.

  • Advantages: Can tailor training programs to enhance performance; allows focus on specific strengths and weaknesses.

  • Disadvantages: Limitations based on physical attributes may restrict athletic potential; certain individuals may face greater challenges than others.

• Environmental Constraints: Locality, noise levels, weather conditions, and facility quality.

  • Advantages: Training in varied environments can enhance adaptability and skill development; good facilities can improve performance and safety.

  • Disadvantages: Unfavorable environmental conditions can hinder practice and performance; limitations in facility quality can affect skill acquisition.

• Task Constraints: Rules of the sport and equipment specifics.

  • Advantages: Clear rules can structure learning and performance, promoting fair play; specific equipment can enhance training effectiveness.

  • Disadvantages: Strict rules may limit creativity and expression in gameplay; equipment-specific skills may not translate to other settings.

• Environmental Constraints: Locality, noise levels, weather conditions, and facility quality.

• Task Constraints: Rules of the sport and equipment specifics.

Page 5: Affordances & Biomechanics

Affordances

• Define opportunities for action based on capabilities of self, teammates, and opponents.

Force and Motion

• Force: A push/pull causing changes in shape, direction, or speed.

• Types of Force:

  • Gravity: Weight force affecting all objects.

    • Friction: Resists motion through contact.

    • Drag Force: Friction in air/water, increasing with speed.

    • Impulse: Change in momentum through force over time.

Page 6: Inertia & Momentum

Concepts

• Inertia: Resistance to changes in motion; greater mass = greater inertia.

• Momentum: Measure of motion; derived from mass and velocity.

  • Momentum = Mass x Velocity

• Conservation of Momentum: No change without external forces; angular momentum conservation during flight.

• Summation of Momentum: Correct timing in body segment sequences for maximal force.

• Impulse: Change in momentum; occurs when a force is applied over a period of time, influencing the motion of an object. The greater the impulse applied, the greater the change in momentum, which is crucial for improving performance in various physical activities.

Page 7: Newton's Laws of Motion

Laws Defined

• 1st Law (Inertia): Objects remain in motion/rest until acted upon.

• 2nd Law (Acceleration): Force results in change in motion proportional to force size and inversely to mass.

• 3rd Law (Action-Reaction): Equal and opposite reactions for every action.

Page 8: Angular Motion

Angular Motion Principles

• Angular Momentum: Constant unless influenced by external torque; measures rotation.

• Torque: Turning effect defined as force times moment arm.

• Moment of Inertia: Resistance to rotation based on mass and radius.

• Angular Velocity: Rotation speed.

• Types of Motion:

  • Linear Motion: Movement along a path.

  • Angular Motion: Movement around an axis.

  • General Motion: Combination of linear and angular motion.

  • Summation of Momentum: This concept refers to the proper sequencing of body segments in order to achieve maximum force output in activities. It highlights the importance of timing when multiple body parts contribute to the performance of a skill, ensuring that force is applied efficiently throughout the movement. **Impulse**: Impulse is the product of force and the time duration over which the force acts. It measures the change in momentum of an object and is key in understanding how forces lead to changes in motion. The formula for impulse can be expressed as: Impulse = Force x Time Impulse can be used to explain how athletes can maximize the force of their movements through the right amount of time applied during their actions, similar to the principles of the summation of momentum.

Page 9: Levers

Lever Principles

• Levers aid force application or speed.

• Types of Levers:

  • First Class Lever (FAR): Axis in the middle; mechanical advantage = 1.

  • Second Class Lever (ARF): Resistance in the middle; mechanical advantage > 1.

  • Third Class Lever (AFR): Force in the middle; mechanical advantage < 1.

• Mechanical Advantage (MA): Levers multiply force.

  • MA Formula: MA = Force Arm/Resistance Arm.

  • Advantages: Speed (MA < 1), Balance (MA = 1), Force (MA > 1).
    

• Decreased fuel stores (ATP, CP, glycogen).

• Increased body temperature; raises enzyme activity and lactate production.

• Recruitment of muscle fibers intensifies for greater contraction strength.

Summation of Momentum: This concept refers to the proper sequencing of body segments in order to achieve maximum force output in activities. It highlights the importance of timing when multiple body parts contribute to the performance of a skill, ensuring that force is applied efficiently throughout the movement.

Page 10: Confidence

Quantitative Movement Analysis (QMA) Data

Objective: Uses numerical data to assess movement performance.Data Types:

• Statistics like speed, distance, frequency, and duration of movements.

• Can include measurements such as heart rate, force output, and other numerical values that can be objectively assessed.

• Enables comparison across different trials or subjects.

Qualitative Movement Analysis (QMA) Data

Purpose: Systematic observation to improve performance through appropriate intervention.QMA Process:

1. Preparation: Understanding the purpose, knowledge of the game, and utilization of media technology.

2. Observations: Conducting live or recorded performance analyses.

3. Evaluation: Making quality judgments about performance to identify problems and solutions.

4. Error Correction: Developing strategies to address weaknesses using either direct coaching or constraints-based coaching methods.

Validity & Reliability of Tests:

• Test Validity: The capacity to measure intended outcomes.

• Test Reliability: The consistency of results under similar conditions.