Global History II - Regents Review Vocab Topic 9 & 10

Global History and Geography Regents Review Vocabulary

Topic 9 - Unit 10.5 Interwar Years

Topic 10 - Unit 10.5 World War II & the Holocaust

Topic 9 After World War 1, global problems remained. The Treaty of Versailles punished Germany. The League of Nations had little power. Old empires had collapsed, and new nations had come into being. Nationalism continued to cause. World War 1 had disillusioned many, altered society, and prompted new forms of expression. In Europe and the United States, women struggled to gain the right to vote. Then, in 1929, the global economy crushed, leading to a worldwide depression. During this time, facism a new kind of dictatorship, rose in Italy and Germany. In Japan aggressive military leaders gained power.

Topic 10 During the 1930s, Italy, Germany, and Japan sought to build new empires. At first, the democratic powers did not stop them. In 1939, when German aggression became impossible to ignore, World War II began. With advanced technology, the war covered a larger area and was more destructive than any before. Civilians were greatly affected, facing rationing, military attacks, and sometimes severe repression. At first, the Axis powers won major victories. After the entry of the United States and the Soviet Union on the Allied side, however, the tide began to turn. The Nazis carried out a plan to exterminate European Jews and other people whom they regarded as undesirable. Now known as the Holocaust, it had many lasting effects. There were enormous losses of life and property. The war finally ended in 1945. The United Nations was formed to try to maintain peace. Europe became divided, with communist governments in Eastern Europe and democratic governments in Western Europe.

Zionism - Jewish nationalist movement that has had as its goal the creation and support of a Jewish national state

Palestine - part of the region known as Canaan where the Kingdoms of Israel and Judah were located

Balfour Declaration - a public pledge by Britain in 1917 declaring its aim to establish “a national home for the Jewish people” in Palestine

Pan-Arabism - an ideology that espouses the unification of the countries of North Africa and Western Asia from the Atlantic Ocean to the Arabian Sea

Kemal Ataturk - the first president of the Republic of Turkey from 1923

Westernization - the adoption of the practices and culture of western Europe by societies and countries in other parts of the world, whether through compulsion or influence

Reza Khan - first shah of the House of Pahlavi of the Imperial State

Mohandas Gandhi - Indian revolutionary and religious leader who used his religious power for political and social reform

Civil Disobedience - the refusal to obey the demands or commands of a government or occupying power, without resorting to violence or active measures of opposition

Passive Resistance - a way of opposing the government without using violence especially by refusing to obey laws

Amritsar Massacre - A massacre of unarmed supporters of Indian self‐government by British troops in the city of Amritsar, Punjab

Salt March - an act of civil disobedience led by Mohandas Gandhi to protest British rule in India

China Civil War - war between communist Mao Zedong and nationalist Chaing-Kai Shek

Kuomintang (Nationalists) - Chinese political party that ruled mainland China from 1927 to 1949

Communists - goal is the establishment of a communist society, a socioeconomic order centered around common ownership of the means of production

Sun Yat-Sen - a world-renowned revolutionary who devoted his entire life to overthrowing the Qing Dynasty and setting up the Republic of China

Chiang Kai-Shek - a Chinese politician, revolutionary, and military leader who served as the leader of the Republic of China

Peasants - used to refer to the rural poor, rural residents, serfs, agricultural laborers, and the “common” or. “simple” people

Long March - when Mao and his 100,000 followers fled and they trekked 6,000 miles and they faced daily attack

Great Depression - the worst economic crisis in modern history, lasting from 1929 until the beginning of World War II in 1939

Facism - a mass political movement that emphasizes extreme nationalism, militarism, and the supremacy of both the nation and the single, powerful leader over the individual citizen

Mussolini - Italian nationalist and the founder of Italian Fascism

Hitler - Austrian-born German politician who was the dictator of Germany from 1933 until his suicide in 1945

Weimar Republic - the name given to the German government between the end of the Imperial period (1918) and the beginning of Nazi Germany

Third Reich - referred to the Nazi claim that Nazi Germany was the successor to the German Empire

Nuremberg Laws - two race-based measures depriving Jews of rights, designed by Adolf Hitler and approved by the Nazi Party

Nazism - a form of fascism, with disdain for liberal democracy and the parliamentary system

Appeasement - foreign policy of pacifying an aggrieved country through negotiation in order to prevent war

Munich Conference - settlement reached by Germany, Great Britain, France, and Italy that permitted German annexation of the Sudetenland, in western Czechoslovakia

Winston Churchill - inspirational statesman, writer, orator and leader who led Britain to victory in the Second World War

Franklin D. Roosevelt - an American statesman and politician who served as the 32nd president of the United States from 1933 until his death in 1945

Axis Powers - coalition headed by Germany, Italy, and Japan that opposed the Allied Powers in World War II

Allied Powers - coalition of countries that opposed the Axis powers (led by Germany, Italy, and Japan) during World War II

Invasion of Poland - a joint attack on the Republic of Poland by Nazi Germany, the Slovak Republic, and the Soviet Union

Blitzkrieg - Germany's strategy to avoid a long war in the first phase of World War II in Europe

France - one of the largest military powers to come under occupation as part of the Western Front in World War II

Charles de Gaulle - led the Free French forces in resisting capitulation to Germany during World War II and became provisional president of France in the immediate aftermath of the war

Battle of Britain - the successful defense of Great Britain against the air raids conducted by the German air force in 1940 after the fall of France during World War II

Pearl Harbor - the site of the unprovoked aerial attack on the United States by Japan on December 7, 1941

Stalingrad - a major battle between German and Soviet troops in World War II

Midway - US and Japanese naval forces engaged in a five-day battle in the middle of the Pacific Ocean that changed the course of the war in the Pacific

D-Day (Normandy) - brought together the land, air, and sea forces of the allied armies in what became known as the largest amphibious invasion in military history

Yalta Conference - Roosevelt and Churchill discussed with Stalin the conditions under which the Soviet Union would enter the war against Japan

Island Hopping - skipping over heavily fortified islands in order to seize lightly defended locations that could support the next advance

Hiroshima and Nagasaki - the first instances of atomic bombs used against humans, killing tens of thousands of people, obliterating the cities, and contributing to the end of World War II

Genocide - the deliberate and systematic destruction, in whole or in part, of an ethnic, racial, religious, or national group

Concentration Camp - a camp in which people are detained or confined, usually under harsh conditions and without regard to legal norms of arrest and imprisonment

Death Camp - designed specifically for the systematic killing of people delivered en masse by the Holocaust trains

Holocaust - the state-sponsored persecution and mass murder of millions of European Jews, Romani people, the intellectually disabled, political dissidents and homosexuals by the German Nazi regime between 1933 and 1945

Bataan Death March - forced march of 70,000 U.S. and Filipino prisoners of war (World War II) captured by the Japanese in the Philippines

Rape of Nanking - the Japanese butchered an estimated 150,000 male “war prisoners,” massacred an additional 50,000 male civilians, and raped at least 20,000 women and girls of all ages

Nuremburg Trials - held by the Allies against representatives of the defeated Nazi Germany, for plotting and carrying out invasions of other countries, and other crimes, in World War II

United Nations - an international organization founded in 1945

Universal Declaration of Human Rights - a document that acts like a global road map for freedom and equality protecting the rights of every individual, everywhere