Endocrine Class Notes

• Endocrine system is the body’s second controlling system —> Regulates metabolism using HORMONES

  • Hormones: Chemicals that affect the function of other cells

  • Exocrine gland - release fluids through ducts

    • Salivary gland release saliva via salivary ducts

    • Gallbladder releases bile via the cystic duct

  • Endocrine gland - releases hormones directly into the extracellular fluid and absorbed directly into the blood

• Some can be both

  • Gonads (Reproductive)

  • Pancreas

• Target cell specificity

  • BINDING sites

  • Hormone only work on cells with binding sites

• women make testosterone in adrenal glands

• The pituitary

  • AKA hypophysis “undergrowth of brain” - like a small dangle

    • hypo - under

    • phyein - to grow

  • mkaes 9 hormones

  • Wraps the gland in bone - super important

  • two parts

    • Anterior - adenohypophysis - GLAND

      • comes from mouth - cinched off and connected with to the posterior during fetal growth

      • hGH - Human Growth Hormone

        • TC =

        • E = Makes you grow; mitosis

      • PRL - Prolactin

        • TC = Breast tissue

        • E = Causes breast tissue to begin producing milk

        • Started by a baby releasing a separate hormone

      • FSH - Follicle stimulating hormone

        • TC = Reproductive cells

        • E = Spermatogenesis in men, more follicular cells in women

      • LH - Lutenizing hormone

        • TC = Reproductive cells

        • E = Causes ovulation in women, increases testosterone in men

      • TSH - Thyroid Stimulating hormine

        • TC = Thyroid cells

        • E = Stimulates thyroid

      • ACTH - Adranaocorticotropic hormone

        • TC = Cells in adrenal gland

        • E = Controls Cortisol levels

    • posterior - neurohypophysis - NERVE

      • OT - Oxytocin

        • Active during labor, uterine contractions

        • Vasoconstrictiom

        • Pitocin

        • Vit k

        • milk letdown

        • smooth musc contr

      • ADH - antidiuretic hormone

        • hold water/no pee

        • diebites incipidous

    • intermediate lobe

      • msh - melanocyte stimulating hormone

      • very small or absent inadulthood

        • ADH -

Thyroid:

• Hormonal control

• Humoral control

• triidothyronine - stronger, lesser, harder to make

• thyroxine - more, weaker, easier to mkae

• Thyroid has iodine

• metabolism - time it takes to break down and build back up protiens; regulated by triiiodothyronine and thryoxine

  • catabolism - break it down

  • anabolism - build it faster

• goiter = hypertrophy of thyroid after working too hard

  • if not enough iodine

• Autoimmune diseases of the thyroid

  • hashimotos thyroiditis

    • body makes antibodies attacking the thyroid

    • increased tsh, decreased t3 and t4

    • hypothyroidism

    • regulates metabolism by taking t4 pill

  • graves’ disease

    • body makes antibodies that MIMIC tsh

    • decreases tsh, increases t3 and t4

    • hyperthyroidism

    • remove thyroid and take t4 pill

thyroid also releases calcitonin -—> HUMORAL Control

• stimulates osteoblasts

• increases bone density

• decreases blood calcium

parathyroids: -—> HUMORAL Control

• 4 glands are posterior of thyroid

• makes parathromone (PTH)

• stimulates osteoclasts

• decrease bone density

• increase blood calcium

Adrenal Gland

• Cortex - HORMONAL

  • Stimulated by ACTH

  • Glomerulosum - Balls of yarn - Aldosterone

  • Fasciculata - Little fingers sticking up - Cortisol

  • Reticularis - Testosterone

• Medulla - NEURAL

  • Epinephrine and norepinephrine

  • Center of adrenal gland

  • Makes catecholamines (aka sympathomimetics - mimic sympathetic system)

    • Fight or flight response: increase blood pressure, heart rate, and blood sugar; vasoconstriction, bronchodilation

  • Epinephrine - Adrenaline

  • Norepeinephrine - Noradrenaline

  • NOT controlled by ACTH

  • Epipen - bronchodialiation

• Corticosteroids

  • Aldosterone - Reclaim Na+

    • Sodium leaves blood very quickly, reclaims salt (and water) during times of dehydration

    • Similar to ADH

  • Cortisol - Increase blood sugar

  • Testosterone - Increases agression; onset of puberty; sex characteristics; sex drive

• Diseases of the Adrenal gland

  • Cushing’s Syndrome - Increased ACTH

    • Born with it

    • High levels of Aldosterone, Cortisol, and Testosterone

    • Problems with Sodium, testosterone and CORTISOL!

    • High levels of stress = making sugar = obesity

    • Fighting obesity

  • Addisons’s disease - Less ACTH receptors

    • Low levels of Aldosterone, Cortisol, and Testosterone

    • Fatal

• POMC (Pro-Opiomelanocortin)

  • Gene which can be cut into numerous pieces

    • ACTH

    • Beta endorphines

      • natural heroin; opioid

    • apha/beta/gamma msh —> red hair; too much endorphines

• The Pancreas - “All flesh”

  • Exocrine

  • Pancreatic ducts - small intestines

  • Islets of Langerhans

    • Make hormones

    • Two type of cells

      • Alpha cells - glucagon

        • Convert glycogen to glucose

        • Raise blood sugar

      • Beta cells - Insulin

        • Convert glucose to glycogen

        • Decrease blood sugar

    • Blood sugar makes blood syrup-y not able to transfer easy

    • Cells maintain a balance in the body

• Diabetes Mellilitus

  • Diabetes - To pass through

  • Mellitus - Honey

  • Type 1 - IDDM (Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus)

    • Formerly Juvenile diabetes

    • Autoimmune - Too few beta cells (low insulin)

    • 75% of individuals develop before age 30

    • Prone to ketoacifosis

    • Polyuria (constantly eating), polyphagia (constantly eating), polydipsia (constantly drinking)

    • Most common in Scandinavians

  • Type 2 - NIDDM

    • Formerly adult/late onset diabetes

    • Decreased insulin production or insuli ninsensitivity

    • Prone to obesity

    • Hypertension, dyslipidemia

    • Strong genetic component (~60% of the Pima Indians of SW America)

      Linked to poor nutrient diet

  • Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

    • Glucose intolerance during pregnancy

    • Placenta releases the Human Placental Lactogen —> Inhibits maternal insulin

    • Ensures baby gets lots of sugar —> Mom is hypoglycemic

    • ~10% of all pregnancies

    • Precursor to preeclampsia in ~10% of pregnancies

• Gonads:

  • Male:

    • Located in the scrotum

    • Secrete testosterone

    • Needed for sperm production

    • Primary and secondary sexual characteristics

    • Stimulates libido

    • Pulled down by gubernaculum?

  • Female:

    • Located within the pelvis

    • Produce estrogens and progesterone

    • Beeded for egg maturation and cyclic changes

    • Primary and secondary sexual characteristics

  • Testes and ovaries = homologs

    • Same exact cell

    • Stimulated by same hormones

• Other hormones which secrete organs

  • Pineal gland/Epithalamus

    • Makes melatonin

    • Feel sleepy/slows metabolism to prepare for sleep

    • Destroyed by UV rays

  • Thymus

    • In the mediastinum

    • Release thymosin

    • Matures T-Cells/Makes them immunocompetent

  • Heart

    • Releases atrionatriureticpeptide - ANP

      • Atrio = Atrium

      • Natri = Sodium

      • Uretic = Pee

      • Peptide = Protein

    • More water = more blood volume = stretched heart —> stretch receptors in heart say sodium needs to leave, and water follows it = makes you pee

    • Regulate blood pressure and volume

  • Stomach

    • Gastrin - helps digest protien

    • Grehlin - Makes you hungry

    • Leptin - Makes you full

  • Small intestine

    • CCK - Cholecystokinin

      • Cholecyst = Gallbladder

  • Kidney

    • EPO - Erythriopoetoeitin

    • Tell marrow to create red blood cells

  • Placenta —> MADE BY BABY

    • HPL - Human placental lactogen

      • Tells mom to make more milk

      • Inhibits insulin —> creates more food for baby, but can cause diabetes

      • Target cell = breast tissue

    • HCG - Human chorionic gonadotropin

      • Stops bleeding during pregnancy