Kingdom Plantae 1

Okay, so, starting off, right, plants, these are gonna be part of domain eukarya, right? And then under that domain, they're gonna be in kingdom, plantain, very easy to remember, okay?

So, the group that gave rise to plants, as we've talked about before, is phylum chlorophyta, okay? This is in the kingdom Protista, and if you guys don't remember, we mentioned before that it was the green algae, right, that are most closely related to land plants, and this is because of their chlorophylls, okay? So we… it is likely that the green algae, or the

Carapesians are, I never know if I say that correctly.

They were the ancestors of plants, okay?

That's what it looks like.

So again, they are most closely related to plants because of their chlorophylls, because they have both chlorophylls A and B, right? And they have chloroplasts.

And then the… the cell walls also have cellulose, so that's the same for plants, right?

That's the chloroplast, and this is where, photosynthesis happens, as you will learn.

So, for plants, they have something called oxygenation of, generations, which is…

Kind of like what you guys seen with fungi. So basically, some of their life, they're gonna be haploid, and then some of their life, they're gonna be diploid, right? So when they're in their gametophyte, era, let's call it, they're gonna be… they're gonna be haploid.

And then we're in their… when they're in their sporified era, they're gonna be diploid.

And that's gonna be changing around as they live.

And then they also have alternation of generation and sex… sexual reproduction, right? So, the haploid gametophyte is gonna produce

haploid gametes, right? And then once those gametes come together, like we've talked about before, right, the gametes come together to form a diploid zygote, right?

And then that diploid zygote is gonna undergo meiosis, and then it's gonna go back to being haploid, right? This is the same cycle as the fungi, which is the same cycle as it is for us, okay?

And this is a good picture. So…

Here we have the sporophyte, right? As we mentioned, sporophyte is, diploid.

Then it undergoes meiosis, so remember, meiosis is gonna, is the DNA replication that's gonna form 4 new diverse cells, right?

And then you're gonna get, from meiosis, the haploid sport, right? Because when you undergo meiosis, what you start with, you get half of that, right, in the,

In the case of the chromosomes.

So if you start as deployed, you're gonna… Result in haploid individuals.

And then those haploid spores are gonna multiply through meiosis, right? Multiply, multiply. There's the gametophyte, right, which is multicellular, because you have a bunch of those cells that are multiplying. And then, those…

some of those spores are going to come together with other spores that are also haploid. You get fertilization, boom, you get the diploid cycle. And then the cycle continues again.

So, for land plants, okay, here we talked about the Carapharesians, which are the ancestors, right? So, the green algae. And then from that, we get all of these different plants, right? All of these different types of plants, which is what we're going to go over right now.

So, first off, we have something called non-vascular plants, and these are called bryophytes, okay?

We have 3 phyla under the bryophytes. We have phylum hepatophyte, Anthocerophyta, and Bryophyta, okay?

These are… when we say non-vascular plants, this just means that they lack vascular tissue. So, in…

Most plants, the ones that we see usually every day, they have two structures called xylem and phloem, okay? And this is what they use to transport the nutrients,

Around their whole organism, okay? These plants, or bryophytes, they lack these, okay? So they don't have the xylem and the phloem, they don't have these tissues all throughout their body.

To transport the water and nutrients that they need.

In…

bryophytes, they have… they're gametophyte dominant, which means they're mostly gonna be in a haploid state, right? They're found in most, moist and humid areas. And when they're going to reproduce, the male basically just releases gametophyte, or…

They release the flagellated sperm, okay?

And these plants, they have something called a cuticle. I'm trying to find the… okay. So, a cuticle is, like, a covering of the cells of the plant, like, on the cells.

Let's… you can think about, like, plastic wrap.

like, I don't know, if you have this water bottle and your plastic wrap, right? That plastic wrap is the cuticle, and that helps, prevent water loss. And then they also have something called a stomata, which are these little pores all throughout the plants.

And, they just allow for the exchange of oxygen and CO2 and water as well.

Okay, so for the first phyla, we have hepatophyta, and these are also called liver warts, if that's easier to remember. And they have, like, these…

structure, like this brown leaf-like part here, so you can see, like, this is the bottom of it.

right there, oh, here. Here, this bottom part, that's the gamutophyte, and then this top part here is the sporophyte, okay?

So, underground, under the scammedophyte, they have these things called rhizoids, which I think you guys remember from fungi. They also have rhizoids, right? Which are these root-like structures, right? But there's no nutrient movement or nothing like that. The rhizoids are just for anchorage, right?

So here it is again, right, but this is in phylum, anthocerophyta, okay, or hornwarts. It's kind of the same structure as the ones before, so we have the gametophyte here on the bottom as a base, and we have these, like, shoots

That come out of the humidified, which are the sporophytes, okay?

And then, finally, we have phylum Bryophytae, which are mosses.

Which I think we're more familiar with.

And these are the most advanced of the bryophytes, phylum bryophytae. And again, they have the rhizoids, which are used for anchorage, but it's the same process, right? Here on the bottom, we have the gametophyte structure, and then here at the top, we have the sporophyte, okay?

Next, now we go into vascular seedless plants, okay? So, when we say vascular, that means that they're going to have those tissues that I was talking about, but they do not have seeds, okay? They don't produce seeds.

In these cases, the sporophyte is going to be the dominant generation, okay? Meaning it doesn't depend on the gametophyte to grow.

We have 4 phyla in this, in this section, okay? So, here we have something called evolution of leaves, okay? We have microphils, and we have megaphills. So the microphils are going to be tinier leaves, and the megaphills

As you can tell with the names, are gonna be the larger leaves. We don't go into that too much here, you'll probably go more into it with Dr. Brooks, okay?

And of course, we have the vascular system and the xylem in the phloem, okay? So, the xylem is going to be used to transport water and any minerals, okay? And the phloem is to transport food.

Okay, so any carbs.

So this is what they look like, okay? Here's the xylem, and, the transportation of water is always up, okay? And then here's the phloem, you can transport sucrose up and down.

Okay? And then in class, you'll go more into these structures, so you'll go more into the companion cell, the source cell, which is leaf, you'll go into sync roots, okay?

And I… we might go into it here too, but not right now. That would be way too much information.

Okay, so for the first phylum, we have club mosses, which is phylum Lycophyta.

Sometimes I pronounce it wrong, okay, so don't go by my pronunciation.

So these guys, they have microfills, as you can see. Like, all of these teeny things here, these are microfills, okay?

So the extinct species of this phylum was actually a huge component of the formation of coal.

Which is very weird. In phylum Piterophyta, we have ferns, okay? You guys are probably gonna talk more about ferns, and you might need to know the life cycle of a fern.

So, the sporophyte, again, is the dominant generation, as we mentioned. Here, we have the sporangium. If you have more than one, you have, sporangia.

So, the sporangium is gonna have haploid spores that are gonna produce the gametophyte.

Then you have the gametophyte, which is haploid, and that's gonna contain the antheridium and the archaegonium. These are the male and female reproductive, structures. So, the antheridium is the male sex organ.

And the archigonium is the female sex organ. And obviously, if you are male, you're going to contain the sperm, and if you're a female, you will contain the eggs, right? All haploid.

Because remember, gametes are always haploid.

So here is the life cycle of a firm. When I took the exam, I had to memorize this. I don't know if you guys still need to do that, but just a heads up.

But yeah, basically, this is how it starts, right? So here is the mature sporophyte. This is what… this is what I… when we say sporophyte, this is what I mean. So most of their life, they're gonna be spent in, like, as this, okay? And then you see these little dots.

So this is the diploid structure, right? And then here is the sporangium, right, in each one of these leaves.

They have under… I don't know if you guys have seen a fern, but if you take a fern and you look at it under, they have all these little dots.

So, those little dots are called the source, and then each of these little structures here is called the sporangium. And then in that sporangium, that's where you're gonna have the haploid spores, right? So here's the sporangium.

The sporangium undergoes meiosis to have the haploid spores, right? So here is a spore. Then you start the process. Here's the young gametophyte, then you get a mature gametophyte, and then you get the antheridium.

And the Archagonium.

the anteridium, all on the same plant, okay? The anteridium is gonna have the sperm, and the archegonium is gonna have the eggs. Once they get together, they're gonna fertilize and form what? A diploid zygote, like always. And then you get the process again. So, from this diploid zygote, then you're gonna start to produce the fern, the actual, like, leaf part that we see.

And then the process repeats itself.

Let's see a reminder. Oh, right. So, for ferns, they would be something called monoecious plants. So, monoecious is when you have both the female and the male reproductive organs in the same plant. If you're dioecious.

Your plant is either gonna be… is either gonna have the female organs, or it's gonna have the male organs, okay? And then it's a different process for when they have to fertilize. Usually, we see this a lot in flowering plants.

You have a female plant and a male plant, and then for you to get fertilization going, you need

An animal or something like that to take…

the pores from one place to another. Or not the pores, but the gametes, right?

Okay.

Then we have the phylum, sphenophytale, which is, horse tails.

As you can see here. So, their stems contain silica, and they can have separate vegetative reproductive shoots. I think there's another picture that shows it. Okay.

No, I thought that was a better picture. So this is basically what they look like, okay? We don't go too much into horsetails here.

Then we have phylum psyllophyta, which are psilophytes.

This is what they look like. So here are the microphils. Remember I was talking, they're teeny little leaves. This is literally teeny, teeny little leaves. And then, obviously, this is the stem. In here, inside the stem, you're gonna have the xylem and phulum. And then these little…

Ball-like things. That's the sporangia.

And we say sporangio because there's multiple, right? There's more than one.

And that's, again, where you're gonna have all of those haploid gambes.

Then we go into gymnosperms. So these are vascular seed plants, right? So now we have plants that are going to be producing seeds. In gymnosperms, they're also called naked seeds, because the seeds aren't enclosed in anywhere, so they're basically exposed out to the world.

This is a… What are these called?

I forgot. Oh, pine… pines?

Pines?

I don't remember. But this is an example of them.

Let's see… Okay, so the first phylum in this…

Yes, pinecones, thank you! I forgot.

So, the first phylum in this is, Ginkophyta, or Ginkophyta, I don't know how to pronounce it, but, the only surviving species is the Jinkugobiloba, I never know how to say it. This is what it looks like. Literally, the only species.

So, it's a really beautiful tree, honestly.

And these are the seeds.

They're just exposed.

Then we have phylum, saccadophyta, or the saccades.

They're really pretty… here. They look like palm trees, but, they have, like, these palm-like leaves.

And they're super toxic, so… Then we have phylum genetophyta…

I just… I hate pronouncing these.

So these structures here are the ovules. See? Here? The ovules. And then these are the little pollen cones.

So, you know when the bees are pollinating, and they take the pollen from one flower to another? That's fertilization, basically.

Those are for plants that have… that are dioecious.

And then we have phylum coniferophyta, or the conifers.

So, these are the oldest, tallest, and the largest trees here. They have these, needle-like leaves. That's because they usually have to go through drought seasons.

And here, this is what they look like, right? An example is the sequoia and pine trees, obviously.

See? Very, very pretty.

And then we have the phylum anthophyta. Now, these are angiosperms, okay?

Angiosperms, unlike the gymnosperms, they produce flowers, and they produce fruit. And this is because they need to enclose their seeds, so they're going to have enclosed seeds, okay? So gymnosperms are going to have exposed seeds.

And the angiosperms will have enclosed… enclosed seeds in either flowers or fruits, or both.

And again, this is the majority of plants we see today.

So here's a structure of a… Flower.

And this is a structure of a… I think this is a hibiscus. This is a monoecious plant, okay? Because here we have the ovary.

And we also have the anther. So the anther is the… the salmon here with the, this is the filament, and this is the anther. The anther is where you're gonna have the pollen.

This is the male structure, and then the pistol is the female structure, where you have the stigma here at the top, you have the style that goes down and takes the pollen to the ovary. So the main goal here for the hibiscus plant is for a pollen grain to fall down here. Well, go through the stigma, fall down the style.

And reach the ovary, okay? And that's how it will reproduce, okay? And then, here at the bottom, we have the sepole, and we have, obviously, the petals.

I used to have to know that for tests. I don't know if you guys still have to, but…

Okay, so here's a little chart that we made for you guys to remember just the difference between gymnosperms and angiosperms, because these are the most abundant plants, and they are both vascular, okay?

So, the…

Do they produce flowers and fruit? The gymnosperms will not produce flowers and fruit, but the angiosperms will.

Okay.

Are there seeds exposed or enclosed?

Can someone tell me that one?

Exposed. Yes, thank you, Patrick. So, yes, the gymnosperms are called naked seed plants because their seeds are going to be exposed. What about the angiosperms?

Exactly. They're gonna be enclosed in the flowers, or the fruit, or both.

Okay, and then for the gymnosperms.

The fate of the… yes, thank you, Nazali. The fate of the gametophyte is going to be reduced and retained on the sporophyte, and that's the same for endosperms. This just basically means that they're going to spend more on the…

More determined as a sporophytes.

And the gamutophyte is gonna be on that, sporophyte.

And then, both of them have complex vascular systems, right, with the true roots, with the xylem, with the phloem, and they're gonna have the whole shebang. And you guys will go a lot more into this later on,

But this is already a lot of information as it is, so… we will talk about that more. Here is what I was just talking about.

the hibiscus plant. So this is the life cycle of it.

I also had to memorize this, and this was on the exam when I took it. I don't know if it will be on yours.

But basically, like I said here, here's the whole mature plant, right on the sporophyte plant.

And then in here we have the ovary, and right here we have the anther, right? So here in the anther, we have the microsporangium.

Okay, and we have the microsporocytes. And this is a microsporang because it's very teeny tiny compared to the other ones.

And then we have here the megasporangium, okay, in the ovules. So, for the, male reproductive site, right, the microsporangium and the microsporocytes, the sporocytes are gonna undergo meiosis, right, and they're gonna produce the haploid microspores.

Okay? And then, you have these things called generative cell, tube cell, but this is the milk amidophyte in the pollen grain.

Okay? And then, that pollen grain is gonna fall down that stigma and the style, okay? And then here's the, pollen tube, and then these are the sperm, okay?

Again, pollen tube of sperm, then that is going… that, gammy is gonna make its way here to the, ovary.

While that's going on, this is the megasporangium in a haploid stage, right? So, the megasporangium undergoes meiosis. We get, megaspores that are haploid, right? And then in here, you have all of these different,

cells in the female gametophyte. So we have a polonuclei, we have synergids, we have the egg, and we have these, antipodo cells.

Again, I don't go too much into it, okay? Here we kind of just mention it.

And then here is the pollen tube with that pollen, and then that pollen is making its way into here, right?

And then here is where the sperm is going to be discharged into the egg. And then you get fertilization. Yay! And then we get a zygote, right? And then from that zygote, you already know what happens, right? We start germinating,

We get the seed, right, obviously? So, the zygote is a seed.

So the seeds in the plants are actually zygose, if you didn't know that.

So if you eat, like, sunflower seeds, you're eating a zygote.

Sorry to burst that for you. And then, yeah, then you start germinating, and then so on. You get the plant, you get the flower, and then that goes on and on and on.