8.11 The Civil Rights Movement Expands

LEARNING OBJECTIVE: Explain how and why various groups responded to calls for expansion of civil rights from 1960 to 1980

INTRODUCTION

• Protest movements of 1960—→ other groups wanting relief from discrimination & recogonition in society

  • Included:

    - women, Latinos, American Indians, & LGBTQ+

THE WOMEN’S MOVEMENT

• Increased education & employment, civil rights movement, & sexual revolution—→ renewal of Women’s Movement

  • Women began to reject social, economic, & poltical values

    - advocated for changes in sexual norms

BETTY FRIEDAN

• Wrote The Feminine Mystique (1963)

  • Encourgaed women to seek fufillment in professional careers

    - gave movment new direction

• Helped found the National Organization for Women (NOW)

  • Adopted activist tactics of other movements

    - secured equal treatment of women (especially in jobs)

    - Equal Pay Act & Civil Rights Act prohibited discirmination in employment including sex but was poorly enforced

  • Congress passed Title IX

    - ended sex discrimination in schools on federal funding

    - required equal athletic opportunies for girls

CAMPAIGN FOR THE EQUAL RIGHTS AMENDMENT

• Equal Rights Amendement (ERA)

  • Amendement that would guarentee equal rights (regardless sex)

    - NOW & others groups campiagned hard for ERA

    - passed congress but missed ratification of 38 states

    - conservatives feared movement threatened traditional family

ACHIEVEMENTS

• Women’s movmeent still accomplished changes in attitudes & hiring

  • Women moved into professions dominated by men

    - business, law, medicine, politics

    - society became less and less of a man’s world

LATINO AMERICANS

• New arrivals from Puerto Rico, Cuba, & South America

  • Shift of Latinos from Southwest—→ East & Midwest

• Deported Great Depression Mexican workers returned

  • Took low-paying agricultural jobs (widely explotied)

    - boycotts were led by Cesar Chavez & United Farm Workers

    - gained collective bargaining rights for workers

  • Latinos acheived other goals

    - won federal mandate for bilingual education

    - growing # of Hispanics were elected into public office

    - Hispanics had become largest minority group in US

AMERICAN INDIAN MOVEMENT

• Eisenhower made unsuccessful attempts to assimilate Natives

  • American Indian Movement (AIM)

    - meant to achieve self-determination & revival of tradtions

  • Militant actions soon followed

    - AIM occupied abandonded Alcatraz Island

    - occupied Wounded Knee (site of infamous massacre in 1890)

• Natives had great successes

  • Indian Self-Determination Act of 1975

    - gave greater control over programs, education, & laws

    - courts supported compensation for treaty violations

  • Tribally Controlled Community College Assistance Act of 1978

    - attacked widespread unemployment & poverty on reservations

  • Built new industries & casinos under legislation

    - interest in cultural heritage of Natives overcame old prejudice

    - millions identified as Natives or an other ethnic group

ASIAN AMERICANS

• Asians were a fast-growing ethnic minority

  • Largest group of Asian Americans included:

    - Chinese, Filipinos, Japanese, Indians, Koreans, & Viets

  • Asians had strong dedication to education

    - well represented in best colleges & universities

    - less-educated earned well below national average

  • Suffered from discrimination, envy, & Japan-bashing (from WW2)

GAY RIGHTS MOVEMENT

• Gay bar, Stonewall Inn was raided by police

  • Sparked riot & gay rights movement

    - activist urged homosexuals to be open & end discrimination

  • Homosexuality was no longer classfied mental illness (mid 1970)

    - federal Civil Service rid of employment ban on homosexuals

  • President Clinton adopted “don’t ask, don’t tell” policy (1993)

    - military did not ask sexual indentity but could still expel LGBTQ

THE WARREN COURT AND INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS

• Cheif justice Earl Warren & the Warren Court

  • Made decisions that greatly affected justice, politics, & rights

    - included Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka

    - supreme court shifted focus towards protecting individual rights

CRIMINAL JUSTICE

• Several decisions of Warren Court focused on defendants rights

  • Mapp v. Ohio (1961)

    - ruled evidence sized illegally cannot be used in court

  • Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)

    - required states courts provide attorney for poor defendants

  • Escobedo v. Illinois (1964)

    - extended ruling in Gideon (gave suspects rights to lawyer during questioning)

  • Miranda v. Arizona

    - extended ruling in Escobedo (required police to inform arrested person of their right to remain silent)

REAPPORTIONMENT EQUALITY

• Rural areas has more voting power than cities due to voting districts

  • Baker v. Carr (1962)

    - declared this practice unconstitutional

    - court later established “one man, one vote” (redrew election districts for equal representation)

FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION AND PRIVACY

• Other rulings in Warren Court extended 1st amendement

  • Protected protestors, press, religious activities, & contraceptives

    • Yates v. United States (1957)

      - ruled 1st amendment protected radical speech, even by communist (unless it was a real threat to country)

    • Engel v. Vitale (1962)

      - ruled states requiring religious practices in schools violated 1st amendment separation of church & state

    • Griswold v. Connecticut (1965)

      - ruled a state could not prohibit use of contraceptives by adults (violated privacy)

      - established foundation for rights to abortion

• Warren Court’s defense for unpopular individuals—→ controversy

  • Crtics called for Warren to be impeached

    - Court continued to change interpreation of constituional rights