Untitled Flashcards Set

INCLUDE THE EXAMPLES WHEN CREATING THE FLASHCARDS AND INCLUDE ALL 230 TERMS

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### 1. Cultural Norms

Definition: Shared rules and expectations within a culture that guide behavior. Example: In Japan, bowing is a cultural norm for greeting, while in the U.S., handshakes are more common.

### 2. Confirmation Bias

Definition: The tendency to search for, interpret, and remember information that confirms preexisting beliefs. Example: A person who believes vaccines are harmful only reads articles supporting that view.

### 3. Hindsight Bias

Definition: The tendency to believe, after an event has occurred, that one would have predicted it ("I knew it all along"). Example: After a stock market crash, people claim it was obvious it would happen.

### 4. Overconfidence

Definition: The tendency to overestimate one’s knowledge, abilities, or accuracy. Example: A student is certain they aced an exam but ends up failing.

### 5. Independent Variable (IV)

Definition: The variable that is manipulated in an experiment. Example: In a study on sleep and memory, the IV is the amount of sleep participants get.

### 6. Confounding Variable

Definition: An extraneous factor that affects the results, making it unclear if the IV caused the change. Example: In a drug study, if one group exercises more, fitness level could be a confounding variable.

### 7. Dependent Variable (DV)

Definition: The outcome variable that is measured. Example: In a study on caffeine and alertness, the DV is reaction time on a test.

### 8. Random Assignment

Definition: Assigning participants to experimental and control groups randomly to minimize bias. Example: Flipping a coin to decide which participants get the new drug vs. a placebo.

### 9. Case Study

Definition: An in-depth study of one individual or small group. Example: Phineas Gage’s brain injury study helped understand frontal lobe function.

### 10. Correlation

Definition: A statistical relationship between two variables (does not imply causation).Example: Ice cream sales and drowning deaths both rise in summer (both linked to heat, not each other).

### 11. Positive Correlation

Definition: Both variables increase or decrease together. Example: More study time is associated with higher test scores.

### 12. Negative Correlation

Definition: One variable increases while the other decreases. Example: More screen time is linked to lower grades.

### 13. Meta-analysis

Definition: A statistical technique combining results from multiple studies. Example: Analyzing 50 studies on antidepressants to determine overall effectiveness.

### 14. Naturalistic Observation

Definition: Observing behavior in a natural environment without interference. Example: Jane Goodall studying chimpanzees in the wild.

### 15. Hypothesis

Definition: A testable prediction about the relationship between variables. Example: "Students who sleep 8 hours will perform better on exams than those who sleep 4 hours."

### 16. Falsifiable (as it pertains to hypotheses)

Definition: A hypothesis must be able to be proven wrong. Example: "All swans are white" is falsifiable because finding one black swan disproves it.

### 17. Operational Definitions

Definition: Clearly defining variables in measurable terms. Example: "Aggression" could be operationally defined as "number of punches thrown."

### 18. Replication

Definition: Repeating a study to confirm results. Example: A famous psychology experiment is repeated with new participants to verify findings.

### 19. Central Tendency

Definition: A single value describing the center of a data set (mean, median, mode).Example: The average (mean) test score in a class is 75%.

### 20. Variation

Definition: How spread out the data is (range, standard deviation). Example: One class has test scores from 70-80%, while another has 50-100%.

### 21. Percentile Rank

Definition: The percentage of scores below a given value. Example: Scoring in the 90th percentile means you did better than 90% of test-takers.

### 22. Mean

Definition: The arithmetic average of a data set. Example: (2+4+6)/3 = 4.

### 23. Median

Definition: The middle value in an ordered data set. Example: In [1, 3, 9], the median is 3.

### 24. Mode

Definition: The most frequently occurring value. Example: In [2, 2, 3, 5], the mode is 2.

### 25. Range

Definition: The difference between the highest and lowest values. Example: In [5, 10, 15], the range is 10.

### 26. Normal Curve

Definition: A symmetrical bell-shaped distribution of data. Example: IQ scores follow a normal curve, with most people near 100.

### 27. Positive Skew

Definition: A distribution with a long tail on the right. Example: Income data, where most people earn modestly but a few earn millions.

### 28. Negative Skew

Definition: A distribution with a long tail on the left. Example: Exam scores where most students scored high, but a few failed.

### 29. Bimodal Distribution

Definition: A distribution with two peaks. Example: Height in a group of men and women (two peaks for male/female averages).

### 30. Standard Deviation

Definition: A measure of how spread out scores are around the mean. Example: A low standard deviation means most scores are close to average.

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### 31. Regression Toward the Mean

Definition: Extreme scores tend to move closer to the average over time. Example: A student who scores 100% on one test may score closer to 80% on the next.

### 32. Sample

Definition: A subset of a population used in research. Example: Surveying 100 students out of a 1,000-student school.

### 33. Population

Definition: The entire group researchers are interested in studying. Example: All high school students in the U.S.

### 34. Representative Sample

Definition: A sample that reflects the characteristics of the population. Example: Polling voters from urban, suburban, and rural areas to predict an election.

### 35. Random Sampling

Definition: Every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected.Example: Drawing names from a hat to pick survey participants.

### 36. Convenience Sampling

Definition: Using readily available participants (may introduce bias). Example: Surveying only students in your psychology class.

### 37. Generalizing

Definition: Applying research findings to a broader population. Example: Assuming a study on college students applies to all adults.

### 38. Experimental Group

Definition: The group exposed to the independent variable. Example: In a drug trial, the group receiving the actual medication.

### 39. Control Group

Definition: The group not exposed to the IV; used for comparison. Example: In a drug trial, the group receiving a placebo.

### 40. Placebo

Definition: A harmless substance with no therapeutic effect, used as a control. Example: A sugar pill given instead of real medication.

### 41. Placebo Effect

Definition: Improvement due to the expectation of receiving treatment. Example: A patient’s headache improves after taking a sugar pill they believe is aspirin.

### 42. Single-Blind Study

Definition: Participants don’t know whether they’re in the experimental or control group. Example: Patients don’t know if they’re receiving the real drug or a placebo.

### 43. Double-Blind Study

Definition: Neither participants nor researchers know who is in which group. Example: A drug trial where doctors and patients are unaware of group assignments.

### 44. Experimenter Bias

Definition: Researchers’ expectations influence results. Example: A scientist subtly hints to participants how to respond.

### 45. Social Desirability Bias

Definition: Participants answer in ways they think are socially acceptable. Example: Claiming to exercise more often than you actually do.

### 46. Qualitative Research/Measures

Definition: Non-numerical data (e.g., interviews, observations). Example: Recording emotional responses to a painting.

### 47. Structured Interviews

Definition: Interviews with predetermined questions. Example: A job interviewer asks every candidate the same questions.

### 48. Quantitative Research/Measures

Definition: Numerical data (e.g., surveys, statistics). Example: Measuring reaction times in milliseconds.

### 49. Likert Scales

Definition: A rating scale (e.g., 1–5) measuring attitudes. Example: “On a scale of 1–5, how satisfied are you with this course?”

### 50. Representation of Participants

Definition: Ensuring the sample reflects diversity (gender, race, etc.). Example: Including equal numbers of men and women in a study.

### 51. Peer Review

Definition: Experts evaluate research before publication. Example: A journal sends a study to other psychologists for feedback.

### 52. Scatterplot

Definition: A graph showing the relationship between two variables. Example: Plotting hours studied against exam scores.

### 53. Correlation Coefficient

Definition: A statistic (–1 to +1) showing the strength/direction of a correlation. Example: A coefficient of +0.8 indicates a strong positive correlation.

### 54. Effect Sizes

Definition: The magnitude of a relationship or difference. Example: A drug’s effect size shows how much it reduces symptoms.

### 55. Statistical Significance

Definition: A result unlikely due to chance (p < 0.05). Example: Finding that a new teaching method improves test scores significantly.

### 56. Directionality Problem (in Correlation)

Definition: Uncertainty about which variable causes the other. Example: Does low self-esteem cause depression, or vice versa?

### 57. Third Variable Problem (in Correlation)

Definition: An unmeasured factor may explain the correlation. Example: Ice cream sales and drownings both rise in summer (heat is the third variable).

### 58. Institutional Review Board (IRB)

Definition: A committee that ensures ethical research practices. Example: An IRB rejects a study with undue risk to participants.

### 59. Informed Consent

Definition: Participants voluntarily agree to participate after understanding risks. Example: Signing a form before joining a clinical trial.

### 60. Informed Assent

Definition: Agreement from participants who can’t give full consent (e.g., children). Example: A child nods “yes” to participate in a school study.

### 61. Protection from Harm

Definition: Researchers must minimize physical/psychological harm. Example: Stopping a study if participants show extreme stress.

### 62. Confidentiality

Definition: Keeping participants’ data private. Example: Using anonymous ID numbers instead of names.

### 63. Deception

Definition: Misleading participants, allowed only if justified. Example: Telling participants they’re testing eye contact when studying obedience.

### 64. Debriefing

Definition: Explaining the true purpose of the study afterward. Example: Revealing that a “memory test” was actually about stress responses.

### 65. Heredity

Definition: The genetic transmission of traits from parents to offspring. Example: A child inherits their mother’s eye color.

### 66. Nature

Definition: The influence of genes on behavior. Example: Twins raised apart still share similar personalities.

### 67. Nurture

Definition: The influence of environment on behavior. Example: A child learns aggression from observing violent media.

### 68. Genetic Predisposition

Definition: Increased likelihood of developing a trait due to genes. Example: A family history of alcoholism raises one’s risk.

### 69. Evolutionary Perspective

Definition: Explaining behavior as adaptations for survival. Example: Fear of snakes may be rooted in ancestral survival needs.

### 70. Natural Selection

Definition: Traits enhancing survival/reproduction become more common. Example: Birds with better camouflage avoid predators and pass on genes.

### 71. Eugenics

Definition: Controlled breeding to increase “desirable” traits (controversial). Example: Forced sterilizations in the early 20th century.

### 72. Twin Studies

Definition: Comparing identical and fraternal twins to study genetic vs. environmental influences. Example: Identical twins have higher concordance rates for schizophrenia.

### 73. Family Studies

Definition: Examining trait prevalence among relatives. Example: Studying depression rates in parents and children.

### 74. Adoption Studies

Definition: Comparing adopted children to biological/adoptive families. Example: An adopted child’s IQ correlates more with biological parents’.

### 75. Central Nervous System (Brain and Spinal Cord)

Definition: The body’s command center. Example: The brain sends signals via the spinal cord to move a hand.

### 76. Peripheral Nervous System

Definition: Nerves outside the brain and spinal cord. Example: Sensory nerves carrying touch signals to the brain.

### 77. Autonomic Nervous System

Definition: Controls involuntary functions (e.g., heartbeat). Example: Your heart races when you’re scared.

### 78. Sympathetic Nervous System

Definition: Activates “fight-or-flight” responses. Example: Pupils dilate and adrenaline surges during stress.

### 79. Parasympathetic Nervous System

Definition: Calms the body (“rest-and-digest”). Example: Heart rate slows after a meal.

### 80. Somatic Nervous System

Definition: Controls voluntary muscle movements. Example: Lifting a cup uses motor neurons in this system.

Here are the remaining AP Psychology flashcards in the same clear, example-driven format:

### 81. Neurons

Definition: Nerve cells that transmit electrical and chemical signals.Example: When you touch something hot, sensory neurons send signals to your spinal cord and brain.

### 82. Glial Cells

Definition: Support cells for neurons that provide nutrients and insulation.Example: Oligodendrocytes create myelin sheaths in the central nervous system.

### 83. Reflex Arc

Definition: Neural pathway controlling reflex actions.Example: Pulling your hand away from a hot stove before feeling pain.

### 84. Sensory Neurons

Definition: Carry information from sense receptors to the CNS.Example: Optic nerves transmitting visual information to the brain.

### 85. Motor Neurons

Definition: Carry signals from CNS to muscles/glands.Example: Neurons triggering bicep contraction when lifting weights.

### 86. Interneurons

Definition: Neurons within the CNS that process information.Example: Spinal interneurons coordinating left/right leg movements while walking.

### 87. Neural Transmission

Definition: Process of electrical and chemical signaling between neurons.Example: Dopamine release in the synapse during pleasurable activities.

### 88. Action Potential

Definition: Electrical impulse traveling down an axon.Example: The "firing" of a neuron when threshold is reached.

### 89. All-or-Nothing Principle

Definition: Neurons either fire completely or not at all.Example: A neuron firing with equal intensity whether stimulated mildly or strongly.

### 90. Depolarization

Definition: Reduction of charge difference across neuron membrane.Example: Sodium ions rushing into neuron during action potential.

### 91. Refractory Period

Definition: Brief recovery time after neuron firing.Example: The moment after flushing when a toilet won't flush again.

### 92. Resting Potential

Definition: Neuron's stable negative charge when inactive (-70mV).Example: A neuron waiting to fire is like a coiled spring ready to release.

### 93. Reuptake

Definition: Neurotransmitter reabsorption by sending neuron.Example: SSRIs block serotonin reuptake to alleviate depression.

### 94. Threshold

Definition: Minimum stimulation needed to trigger action potential.Example: Pushing a ball until it rolls down a hill.

### 95. Multiple Sclerosis

Definition: Autoimmune disease damaging myelin sheaths.Example: Patient experiencing muscle weakness and vision problems.

### 96. Myasthenia Gravis

Definition: Condition causing muscle weakness from neurotransmitter problems.Example: Drooping eyelids and difficulty swallowing.

### 97. Excitatory Neurotransmitters

Definition: Chemicals promoting neuron firing.Example: Glutamate enhancing learning and memory.

### 98. Inhibitory Neurotransmitters

Definition: Chemicals preventing neuron firing.Example: GABA reducing anxiety and promoting calmness.

### 99. Dopamine

Definition: Neurotransmitter for reward and movement.Example: Released when eating chocolate or winning a game.

### 100. Serotonin

Definition: Neurotransmitter regulating mood and sleep.Example: Low levels associated with depression.

### 101. Norepinephrine

Definition: Neurotransmitter for alertness and stress response.Example: Surge during "fight or flight" situations.

### 102. Glutamate

Definition: Major excitatory neurotransmitter.Example: Involved in forming memories.

### 103. GABA

Definition: Major inhibitory neurotransmitter.Example: Anti-anxiety medications target GABA receptors.

### 104. Endorphins

Definition: Natural painkillers and mood elevators.Example: "Runner's high" after intense exercise.

### 105. Substance P

Definition: Neurotransmitter for pain perception.Example: Released when you stub your toe.

### 106. Acetylcholine

Definition: Neurotransmitter for muscle action and memory.Example: Depleted in Alzheimer's disease.

### 107. Hormones

Definition: Chemical messengers in the bloodstream.Example: Adrenaline preparing body for danger.

### 108. Adrenaline

Definition: Hormone for emergency energy.Example: Heart pounding during a scary movie.

### 109. Leptin

Definition: Hormone suppressing appetite.Example: Obese individuals may develop leptin resistance.

### 110. Ghrelin

Definition: Hormone stimulating hunger.Example: Levels rise before meals.

### 111. Melatonin

Definition: Hormone regulating sleep cycles.Example: Released in response to darkness.

### 112. Oxytocin

Definition: "Love hormone" promoting bonding.Example: Released during hugging or childbirth.

### 113. Psychoactive Drugs

Definition: Chemicals altering brain function.Example: Caffeine increasing alertness.

### 114. Agonists

Definition: Drugs mimicking neurotransmitters.Example: Nicotine mimicking acetylcholine.

### 115. Antagonists

Definition: Drugs blocking neurotransmitters.Example: Naloxone blocking opioid receptors.

### 116. Reuptake Inhibitors

Definition: Drugs preventing neurotransmitter reabsorption.Example: Prozac blocking serotonin reuptake.

### 117. Stimulants

Definition: Drugs increasing neural activity.Example: Cocaine causing dopamine surges.

### 118. Caffeine

Definition: Mild stimulant blocking adenosine.Example: Coffee improving focus temporarily.

### 119. Cocaine

Definition: Powerful stimulant increasing dopamine.Example: Users experiencing euphoria then crash.

### 120. Depressants

Definition: Drugs reducing neural activity.Example: Alcohol slowing reaction times.

### 121. Alcohol

Definition: Depressant affecting GABA and glutamate.Example: Slurred speech at high doses.

### 122. Hallucinogens

Definition: Drugs altering perceptions.Example: LSD causing visual distortions.

### 123. Marijuana

Definition: Mild hallucinogen affecting cannabinoid receptors.Example: THC causing relaxation and hunger.

### 124. Opioids

Definition: Pain-relieving drugs.Example: Prescription painkillers like oxycodone.

### 125. Heroin

Definition: Illegal opioid drug.Example: Highly addictive, derived from morphine.

### 126. Tolerance

Definition: Needing more drug for same effect.Example: Heavy drinkers requiring more alcohol.

### 127. Addiction

Definition: Compulsive drug craving/use.Example: Continuing to smoke despite health risks.

### 128. Withdrawal

Definition: Discomfort after stopping drug use.Example: Shaking and nausea when quitting alcohol.

### 129. Brain Stem

Definition: Oldest brain region controlling basics.Example: Medulla regulating breathing.

### 130. Medulla

Definition: Controls vital functions.Example: Damage can be fatal (controls heartbeat).

### 131. Reticular Activating System

Definition: Filters stimuli and regulates alertness.Example: Waking up when hearing your name called.

### 132. Reward Center

Definition: Dopamine pathway for pleasure.Example: Activated by food, sex, and drugs.

### 133. Cerebellum

Definition: "Little brain" for coordination.Example: Helps maintain balance while riding a bike.

### 134. Cerebral Cortex

Definition: Outer brain layer for complex thought.Example: Planning a route to a new location.

### 135. Limbic System

Definition: Emotional center of brain.Example: Amygdala triggering fear response.

### 136. Thalamus

Definition: Sensory relay station.Example: Routing visual signals to occipital lobe.

### 137. Hypothalamus

Definition: Regulates basic drives.Example: Stimulating eating when hungry.

### 138. Pituitary Gland

Definition: "Master gland" controlling hormones.Example: Releasing growth hormone.

### 139. Hippocampus

Definition: Memory formation center.Example: Damaged in Alzheimer's disease.

### 140. Amygdala

Definition: Emotion processor (especially fear).Example: Reacting before thinking when seeing a snake.

### 141. Corpus Callosum

Definition: Connects brain hemispheres.Example: Severed in split-brain patients.

### 142. Occipital Lobes

Definition: Visual processing center.Example: Recognizing faces.

### 143. Temporal Lobes

Definition: Auditory processing and memory.Example: Understanding spoken language.

### 144. Parietal Lobes

Definition: Sensory integration area.Example: Knowing where your foot is without looking.

### 145. Association Areas

Definition: Integrate information.Example: Connecting words to form sentences.

### 146. Somatosensory Cortex

Definition: Processes touch sensations.Example: Feeling a feather on your arm.

### 147. Frontal Lobes

Definition: Higher-level thinking and planning.Example: Deciding what college to attend.

### 148. Linguistic Processing

Definition: Language comprehension/production.Example: Broca's area forming sentences.

### 149. Higher-Order Thinking

Definition: Complex cognitive processes.Example: Solving a calculus problem.

### 150. Executive Functioning

Definition: Planning and impulse control.Example: Resisting eating a cookie while dieting.

### 151. Prefrontal Cortex

Definition: Frontmost part for judgment.Example: Phineas Gage's personality changed after damage.

### 152. Motor Cortex

Definition: Controls voluntary movements.Example: Moving your right hand activates left motor cortex.

### 153. Split Brain Research

Definition: Studies of severed corpus callosum.Example: Patient naming objects seen by right hemisphere only.

### 154. Hemispheric Specialization

Definition: Left/right brain differences.Example: Left hemisphere dominant for language.

### 155. Broca's Area

Definition: Speech production center.Example: Damage causes difficulty forming words.

### 156. Wernicke's Area

Definition: Language comprehension center.Example: Damage causes fluent but nonsensical speech.

### 157. Aphasia (Broca's and Wernicke's)

Definition: Language impairment.Example: Broca's aphasia: "Want...food...now."

### 158. Contralateral Organization

Definition: Right brain controls left body.Example: Right hemisphere processes left visual field.

### 159. Plasticity

Definition: Brain's ability to reorganize.Example: Blind people developing enhanced hearing.

### 160. EEG

Definition: Records electrical brain activity.Example: Showing brain waves during sleep.

### 161. fMRI

Definition: Shows brain activity via blood flow.Example: Identifying active areas during memory tasks.

### 162. Lesioning

Definition: Damaging brain tissue to study effects.Example: Animal studies showing hippocampal role in memory.

### 163. Consciousness

Definition: Awareness of self and environment.

Example: Noticing you're daydreaming in class.

### 164. Circadian Rhythm

Definition: 24-hour biological clock.Example: Feeling sleepy at 11 PM each night.

### 165. Jet Lag

Definition: Disrupted circadian rhythm.Example: Fatigue after flying across time zones.

### 166. Shift Work

Definition: Employment disrupting sleep cycles.Example: Nurses struggling with night shifts.

### 167. NREM Stage 1

Definition: Light sleep, theta waves.Example: Hypnic jerks when drifting off.

### 168. Hypnogogic Sensations

Definition: Hallucinations when falling asleep.Example: Feeling like you're falling.

### 169. NREM Stage 2

Definition: Deeper sleep, sleep spindles.Example: The bulk of our sleep time.

### 170. NREM Stage 3

Definition: Deep sleep, delta waves.Example: Bedwetting or sleepwalking occurs.

### 171. REM Sleep

Definition: Dream sleep, paralyzed body.Example: Vivid dreams before waking.

### 172. REM Rebound

Definition: Increased REM after deprivation.Example: More dreams after skipping sleep.

### 173. Activation-Synthesis Theory

Definition: Dreams result from random neural activity.Example: Bizarre dreams combining recent experiences.

### 174. Consolidation Theory

Definition: Dreams process memories.Example: Students dreaming about studied material.

### 175. Memory Consolidation

Definition: Stabilizing memories.Example: Sleep helping exam preparation.

### 176. Restoration Theory

Definition: Sleep replenishes resources.Example: Feeling refreshed after 8 hours.

### 177. Insomnia

Definition: Chronic inability to sleep.Example: Lying awake for hours nightly.

### 178. Narcolepsy

Definition: Sudden sleep attacks.Example: Falling asleep mid-conversation.

### 179. REM Sleep Behavior Disorder

Definition: Acting out dreams.Example: Punching during nightmare.

### 180. Sleep Apnea

Definition: Breathing interruptions.Example: Loud snoring with pauses.

### 181. Somnambulism

Definition: Sleepwalking.Example: Child making sandwich while asleep.

### 182. Sensation

Definition: Detecting stimuli.Example: Photons hitting retina.

### 183. Transduction

Definition: Converting stimuli to neural signals.Example: Light becoming neural impulses.

### 184. Absolute Threshold

Definition: Minimum detectable stimulus.Example: Hearing a watch tick at 20 feet.

### 185. Just-Noticeable Difference

Definition: Minimum detectable change.Example: Noticing 1oz added to 10oz weight.

### 186. Sensory Adaptation

Definition: Reduced sensitivity to constant stimuli.Example: Not noticing background noise.

### 187. Weber's Law

Definition: JND proportional to stimulus intensity.Example: Needing $10 to notice $100 vs $110 difference.

### 188. Sensory Interaction

Definition: Senses influencing each other.Example: McGurk effect (seeing "ga" while hearing "ba").

### 189. Synesthesia

Definition: Blending senses.Example: Seeing colors when hearing music.

### 190. Retina

Definition: Light-sensitive eye layer.Example: Rods/cones converting light.

### 191. Blind Spot

Definition: Optic nerve exit point.Example: Disappearing dot demonstration.

### 192. Optic Nerve

Definition: Carries visual info to brain.Example: Damage causes blindness.

### 193. Lens

Definition: Focuses light on retina.Example: Becoming less flexible with age.

### 194. Accommodation

Definition: Lens changing shape.Example: Focusing on near/far objects.

### 195. Nearsightedness

Definition: Can't see distant objects.Example: Blurry road signs.

### 196. Farsightedness

Definition: Can't see near objects.Example: Difficulty reading.

### 197. Photoreceptors

Definition: Light-detecting cells.Example: Rods for night vision.

### 198. Rods

Definition: Detect black/white.Example: Seeing shapes in dim light.

### 199. Cones

Definition: Detect color.Example: Seeing a red apple.

### 200. Trichromatic Theory

Definition: Three color receptors.Example: RGB cones mixing colors.

### 201. Opponent-Process Theory

Definition: Color pairs (red/green).Example: Afterimages of flags.

### 202. Afterimages

Definition: Residual color images.Example: Seeing yellow after staring at blue.

### 203. Ganglion Cells

Definition: Form optic nerve.Example: Feature detection.

### 204. Dichromatism

Definition: Color blindness.Example: Confusing red/green.

### 205. Monochromatism

Definition: Total color blindness.Example: Seeing only in grayscale.

### 206. Prosopagnosia

Definition: Face blindness.Example: Not recognizing family.

### 207. Blindsight

Definition: Responding to unseen stimuli.Example: Navigating around objects despite blindness.

### 208. Wavelength

Definition: Distance between wave peaks.Example: Red=long, blue=short.

### 209. Pitch

Definition: Perceived frequency.Example: High notes vs low notes.

### 210. Amplitude

Definition: Wave height (loudness).Example: Whisper vs shout.

### 211. Loudness

Definition: Perceived sound intensity.Example: Decibel levels.

### 212. Pitch Perception

Definition: How we hear frequencies.Example: Place theory for highs.

### 213. Place Theory

Definition: Pitch from vibration location.Example: High notes at cochlea base.

### 214. Volley Theory

Definition: Groups of neurons firing.Example: Hearing mid-range tones.

### 215. Frequency Theory

Definition: Pitch from firing rate.Example: Low frequency sounds.

### 216. Sound Localization

Definition: Determining sound origin.Example: Turning toward a noise.

### 217. Conduction Deafness

Definition: Mechanical hearing loss.Example: Earwax blockage.

### 218. Sensorineural Deafness

Definition: Nerve hearing loss.Example: Loud noise damage.

### 219. Olfactory System

Definition: Smell detection.Example: Recognizing coffee aroma.

### 220. Thalamus

Definition: Sensory relay.Example: Except smell bypasses it.

### 221. Gustation

Definition: Taste sensation.Example: Sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami.

### 222. Taste Receptors

Definition: Detect flavors.Example: Sweet receptors on tip.

### 223. Supertasters

Definition: More taste buds.Example: Finding foods too intense.

### 224. Medium Tasters

Definition: Average taste sensitivity.Example: Most of population.

### 225. Nontasters

Definition: Few taste buds.Example: Eating very spicy food.

### 226. Gate Control Theory

Definition: Spinal cord pain regulation.Example: Rubbing reduces pain.

### 227. Phantom Limb

Definition: Sensation in missing limb.Example: Feeling amputated foot itch.

### 228. Vestibular Sense

Definition: Balance/position sense.Example: Dizziness after spinning.

### 229. Semicircular Canals

Definition: Fluid-filled balance organs.Example: Detecting head rotation.

### 230. Kinesthesis

Definition: Body position awareness.Example: Touching nose eyes closed.