Psyc 101 Final Exam Review Questions

Psyc 101 Final Exam Review Questions

Question 1

• The statement "the whole is greater than the sum of its parts" characterizes the Gestalt perspective.

Question 2

• The relationship between smoking cigarettes and the number of years one lives is an example of a correlation.

Question 3

• An experiment in which the participants do not know whether they are receiving a treatment or not is called a blind study or single-blind study.

Question 4

• The school of psychology that focuses on how mental processes help people adapt to their environment is functionalism.

Question 5

• When participants' illnesses change because they believe a treatment will have an effect, they are exhibiting the placebo effect.

Question 6

• The basic belief of behaviorism is that human behavior develops in response to rewards and punishment received.

Question 7

• The school of psychology that breaks down conscious experience into parts such as objective sensations and subjective feelings is structuralism.

Question 8

• The steps of the scientific method are:

  • Observation

  • Hypothesis

  • Experiment

  • Data Collection

  • Conclusion

  • Replication

Question 9

• The primary goals of psychology are to:

  • Describe

  • Explain

  • Predict

  • Control behavior and mental processes.

Question 10

• The modern perspective of psychology that focuses on how people think, remember, store, and use information is cognitive psychology.

Question 11

• The modern perspective that focuses on people’s ability to direct their own lives is humanistic psychology.

Question 12

• Strong and weak correlations are represented by correlation coefficients:

  • Strong correlations have coefficients closer to +1 or -1.

  • Weak correlations have coefficients closer to 0.

Question 13

• In an experiment, the variable that is manipulated by the experimenter is called the independent variable.

Question 14

• Chemicals that carry messages from one neuron to another are called neurotransmitters.

Question 15

• The Central Nervous System (CNS) is made up of the brain and spinal cord.

Question 16

• The pituitary gland is considered the “Master Gland.”

Question 17

• Electrical impulses cannot be transferred directly from neuron to neuron; the transfer is chemical via neurotransmitters.

Question 18

• If two items are correlated, you cannot assume that one is the cause of the other. Correlation does not equal causation.

Question 19

• Case studies are a good method to use if you want to study a rare phenomenon or gain in-depth understanding of a single individual or group.

Question 20

• The left brain is the side of the brain that is more focused on language, logic, and analytical thinking.

Question 21

• Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes.

Question 22

• Correlation is a description of how two sets of data relate to each other.

Question 23

• In an experiment, the group that receives the manipulation is called the experimental group.

Question 24

• The synapse is the space between two neurons.

Question 25

• The gene that controls the expression of a trait is called the dominant allele.

Question 26

• Specialized neurons activated by outside stimuli are called sensory receptors.

Question 27

• When your brain ignores unchanging information and notices changes it is called habituation.

Question 28

• Sense of Taste is also known as gustation.

Question 29

• Monocular Cues are also called pictorial depth cues.

Question 30

• The learning of a voluntary behavior through the effects of pleasant and unpleasant consequences is called operant conditioning.

Question 31

• A headache goes away when you take aspirin, so you learn to take aspirin to remove the unpleasant stimulus. This is an example of negative reinforcement.

Question 32

• Bandura's Bobo Doll Experiment demonstrated observational learning.

Question 33

• The main memory processes are:

  • Encoding

  • Storage

  • Retrieval

Question 34

• Non-declarative long term memory is things people know how to do and is also often called procedural memory.

Question 35

• Elizabeth Loftus’ 1975 study showed that eyewitness testimony can be influenced by leading questions and misinformation.

Question 36

• Not being able to remember something because we never processed it into memory in the first place is called encoding failure.

Question 37

• Having trouble learning to drive on the other side of the Road in England after you had initially learned to drive in the US is an example of proactive interference.

Question 38

• Piaget’s four stages of cognitive development are:

  • Sensorimotor

  • Preoperational

  • Concrete Operational

  • Formal Operational

Question 39

• The theory of personality development that states that at each of 8 stages of life an emotional crisis must be successfully met for normal development to occur is Erikson's stages of psychosocial development.

Question 40

• Portions of the brain responsible for impulse control and decision making are not complete until around what age? Around 25.

Question 41

• Kohlberg’s levels of Morality are:

  • Preconventional

  • Conventional

  • Postconventional

Question 42

• The theory that our visual receptor cells respond to pairs of colors: Red/Green Blue/Yellow and Black white is called opponent-process theory.

Question 43

• No, taste buds throughout the tongue can detect all tastes but may have varying sensitivities.

Question 44

• The memory system in which information is stored for around 30 seconds at a time while being used is called short-term memory or working memory.

Question 45

• Intellectual abilities do not uniformly decline with age; some abilities may decline while others remain stable or even improve.

Question 46

• Visual receptors for non-color sensitivity are called rods.

Question 47

• The provided picture is an example of the Gestalt principle of closure, where the brain fills in gaps to perceive complete shapes.

Question 48

• The type of conditioning when a previously neutral stimulus causes a conditioned response after being paired with an unconditioned stimulus is called classical conditioning.

Question 49

• A multiple-choice question on a test is an example of recognition.

Question 50

• Physical, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral response to events that are appraised as threatening or challenging is commonly called stress.

Question 51

• Behaviorists define personality as a set of learned responses or habits.

Question 52

• Three Elements of Emotion are:

  • Physiological arousal

  • Expressive behavior

  • Conscious experience

Question 53

• According to the Cognitive Arousal Theory, the two factors that must be present in order for the experience of emotion to occur are:

  • Physiological arousal

  • Cognitive label

Question 54

• The idea that facial expressions provide feedback to the brain concerning the emotion being expressed, which in turn causes and intensifies the emotion is called facial feedback hypothesis.

Question 55

• Changing one’s own behavior to match that of other people is called conformity.

Question 56

• Changing one’s behavior as a result of other people directing or asking for the change is called compliance.

Question 57

• Changing one’s behavior at the command of an authority figure is called obedience.

Question 58

• The sense of discomfort or distress that occurs when a person’s behavior does not correspond to that person’s impression or attitude is called cognitive dissonance.

Question 59

• The tendency to overestimate the influence of internal factors in determining behavior while underestimating situational factors is called the fundamental attribution error.

Question 60

• Negative attitude held by a person about the members of a particular social group is called prejudice.

Question 61

• The Stanford Prison Experiment showed how people were quick to take on roles that were assigned to them and acted very differently because of it.

Question 62

• The unique and relatively stable ways in which people think, feel, and behave is called personality.

Question 63

• According to Freud, the three parts of personality are:

  • Id

  • Ego

  • Superego

Question 64

• The Big Five Personality Traits are:

  • Openness

  • Conscientiousness

  • Extraversion

  • Agreeableness

  • Neuroticism

Question 65

• If someone is organized, neat, ambitious, and reliable they will likely score high on conscientiousness.

Question 66

• Someone who is Ambitious, Time conscious, Extremely hardworking, Tends to have high levels of hostility and anger and is Easily annoyed would have a Type A Personality.

Question 67

• Cognitive Arousal Theory was developed by Schachter and Singer.

Question 68

• A famous study that showed how people are often very willing to obey authority figures even when they don’t believe what they are doing is right was conducted by Milgram.

Question 69

• In the Bystander effect, help becomes less likely as the number of bystanders increases.

Question 70

• Twin and adoption studies show that personality traits are genetically inherited.

Question 71

• Going to work because you are paid to do so, is an example of extrinsic motivation.

Question 72

• In Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs: Self-actualization can be achieved only after all lower levels of needs have been met.

Question 73

• The field of Psychology that looks at behavior and mental processes but also includes the social world in which we exist, as we are surrounded by others to whom we are connected and by whom we are influenced in many ways is social psychology.

Question 74

• Treating people differently because of prejudice toward the social group to which they belong is called discrimination.

Question 75

• The Rorschach inkblot test is an example of a projective personality test.

Question 76

• Disorders in which the main symptom is excessive anxiety, worry, or fearfulness are anxiety disorders.

Question 77

• Disorders that involve a break in consciousness, memory, or a person’s sense of identity are dissociative disorders.

Question 78

• Disorders that are extremely rigid maladaptive patterns of behavior that prevent a person from normal social interactions and relationships are personality disorders.

Question 79

• Action therapies that are based on the principles of classical and operant conditioning and aimed at changing disordered behavior without concern for the cause of the behavior are called behavior therapies.

Question 80

• Therapies that directly affect the biological functioning of the body and brain are called biomedical therapies.