Anatomy <3

Human Anatomy and Physiology

anatomy- structural organization of body

physiology- functions of living organisms and parts

Characteristics of Life: movement, responsiveness, growth, reproduction, respiration, digestion, absorption, circulation, assimilation, excretion

Vital Signs: body temp, blood pressure, pulse, respiration rate, muscular movement, blood oxygen, weight, glucose, brain waves

What is required to maintain life?

• water, food and nutrients, oxygen, heat, pressure

homeostasis- maintenance of stability in internal environment

    negative feedback changes from normal range

Levels of Organization: atom → molecule → macromolecule → organelle → cell → tissue → organ → organ system → organism

Medical Terminology and Positioning

Axial vs Appendicular (limbs)

Axial- Dorsal (back) vs Ventral Cavity (front)

    Dorsal- cranial vs vertebral

    Ventral- Thoarcic (Pleural and Mediastinum) vs Abdominopelvic (Abdominal and Pelvic)

Parietal Membrane: attached to wall

Visceral: COVERS INTERNAL ORGAN

    V→ vagina

Anatomical Position- standing erect, face forward, feet flat on floor, arms at side, palms foward

Superior: above / closer to head

Inferior: below /closer feet

Anterior: front aka ventral

Posterior: back aka dorsal

Medial: right and left halves, middle

Lateral: to the side

Proximal: closer to point of attachment or trunk

Distal: farther awya from point of attatchment

Superficial_ close to surface aka peripheral

Deep: internal

sUPine- upward

prone- lying downward

Sagittal Cut- through saggy titties

Transverse- like a tranny cut off the lower half

Cornoal- cut off beer belly from Corona

Cells

nucleus, cytoplasm, and cell/ plasma membrane → 3 major parts

    Cell Membrane: regulates movement in and out, maintaining cell integrity → selectively permeable

        Lipid Bilayer- polar heads (hydrophillic), fatty acid tails (hydrophobic)

Only molecules that move easiler : oxygen water, carbon dioxide

diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, filtration

Osmosis:

    Isotonic- same osmotic pressure

    Hypertonic- higher pressure > body fluids → cells shrink

    Hypotonc- pressure < body lfuids → cells swell

Tissues

what is a tissue? → specialized group of cells to preform a specific function

    interellular spaces seperate cells by fluid spaces

    intercellulaer junctions are when some tissue cells are tightly packed

Intercellular Junctctions

    tight (fusing), desmosome (spot welds) and gap junctions (tubular channels ex heart muscle)

4 MAJOR TISSUE TYPES: EPITHELIAL CONNECTIVE MUSLCE AND NERVOUS

EPITHELIAL → protect, secrete, asborb and excrete

    always will have a free surface exposes

    lack blood vessels, readily divided, 7 variations

    glandular epiuthelium → exocrine (merocrine, aprocrine, holocrine) vs endocrine

CONNECTIVE → bind, support, protect, fill spaces, store fat, produce blood cells

    majority if body tissue, collagen protein

divided by proper or dense, also specialized (cartilage, bone, blood)

    extracellular matrix → made of protein, ground substance, fluid

        fibroblasts, mast cells, histiocytes

    cell dividison and variations in blood supplies

        ex: tendons and ligaments have a poor supply

MUSCLE → movement

skeletal (voluntary), smooth, cardiac

    skeletal: attatched to bones

    smooth:stomach, intestines, urinary tract, blood vessels

    cardiac: only at hearrt → gas intercalated disks

NERVOUS → conducti impulses for coordination, regulation, integration, asensory reception

Integumentary System (Skin)