Anatomy <3
Human Anatomy and Physiology
anatomy- structural organization of body
physiology- functions of living organisms and parts
Characteristics of Life: movement, responsiveness, growth, reproduction, respiration, digestion, absorption, circulation, assimilation, excretion
Vital Signs: body temp, blood pressure, pulse, respiration rate, muscular movement, blood oxygen, weight, glucose, brain waves
What is required to maintain life?
water, food and nutrients, oxygen, heat, pressure
homeostasis- maintenance of stability in internal environment
negative feedback changes from normal range
Levels of Organization: atom → molecule → macromolecule → organelle → cell → tissue → organ → organ system → organism
Medical Terminology and Positioning
Axial vs Appendicular (limbs)
Axial- Dorsal (back) vs Ventral Cavity (front)
Dorsal- cranial vs vertebral
Ventral- Thoarcic (Pleural and Mediastinum) vs Abdominopelvic (Abdominal and Pelvic)
Parietal Membrane: attached to wall
Visceral: COVERS INTERNAL ORGAN
V→ vagina
Anatomical Position- standing erect, face forward, feet flat on floor, arms at side, palms foward
Superior: above / closer to head
Inferior: below /closer feet
Anterior: front aka ventral
Posterior: back aka dorsal
Medial: right and left halves, middle
Lateral: to the side
Proximal: closer to point of attachment or trunk
Distal: farther awya from point of attatchment
Superficial_ close to surface aka peripheral
Deep: internal
sUPine- upward
prone- lying downward
Sagittal Cut- through saggy titties
Transverse- like a tranny cut off the lower half
Cornoal- cut off beer belly from Corona
Cells
nucleus, cytoplasm, and cell/ plasma membrane → 3 major parts
Cell Membrane: regulates movement in and out, maintaining cell integrity → selectively permeable
Lipid Bilayer- polar heads (hydrophillic), fatty acid tails (hydrophobic)
Only molecules that move easiler : oxygen water, carbon dioxide
diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, filtration
Osmosis:
Isotonic- same osmotic pressure
Hypertonic- higher pressure > body fluids → cells shrink
Hypotonc- pressure < body lfuids → cells swell
Tissues
what is a tissue? → specialized group of cells to preform a specific function
interellular spaces seperate cells by fluid spaces
intercellulaer junctions are when some tissue cells are tightly packed
Intercellular Junctctions
tight (fusing), desmosome (spot welds) and gap junctions (tubular channels ex heart muscle)
4 MAJOR TISSUE TYPES: EPITHELIAL CONNECTIVE MUSLCE AND NERVOUS
EPITHELIAL → protect, secrete, asborb and excrete
always will have a free surface exposes
lack blood vessels, readily divided, 7 variations
glandular epiuthelium → exocrine (merocrine, aprocrine, holocrine) vs endocrine
CONNECTIVE → bind, support, protect, fill spaces, store fat, produce blood cells
majority if body tissue, collagen protein
divided by proper or dense, also specialized (cartilage, bone, blood)
extracellular matrix → made of protein, ground substance, fluid
fibroblasts, mast cells, histiocytes
cell dividison and variations in blood supplies
ex: tendons and ligaments have a poor supply
MUSCLE → movement
skeletal (voluntary), smooth, cardiac
skeletal: attatched to bones
smooth:stomach, intestines, urinary tract, blood vessels
cardiac: only at hearrt → gas intercalated disks
NERVOUS → conducti impulses for coordination, regulation, integration, asensory reception