Motivation: Reason(s) for behavior; drives individual actions.
Emotion: Natural instinctive state of mind influenced by circumstances, mood, or relationships.
Homeostasis: Internal balance of bodily states (e.g., hunger, thirst).
When organisms fall out of homeostasis, they experience needs (e.g., hunger) and must fulfill them.
Drive Reduction Theory: States needs create drives, which prompt actions to regain homeostasis (e.g., drinking water to satiate thirst).
Primary Drives: Biological needs (e.g., food, water, warmth, sex).
Secondary Drives: Learned drives (e.g., acquiring money), which support the fulfillment of primary drives.
Unable to explain motivations for extensive goals (e.g., Olympic athletes, scientists conducting research).
Advocates for seeking an optimal level of arousal; different individuals have varying needs for excitement.
Yerkes-Dodson Law: Performance is linked to arousal levels; optimal performance occurs at moderate arousal levels, while too much or too little arousal impairs performance.
Explains addiction through a baseline state, where moving away from it leads to compensatory processes urging return to the base (e.g., caffeine blocking tiredness and its eventual withdrawal symptoms).
Caffeine blocks adenosine receptors (which induce tiredness), influencing neurotransmitter activity and daily alertness.
Hypothalamus Role: Monitors body chemistry and regulates hunger signals based on electrical stimulation.
Lateral Hypothalamus: Stimulation induces hunger; lesions result in starvation.
Ventromedial Hypothalamus: Produces fullness signals; lesions may lead to obesity.
The hypothalamus maintains a set body weight, regulating hunger and metabolism to stay near this point.
Externals: Motivated by external cues (e.g., food accessibility).
Internals: Driven by internal body signals, less influenced by the external food environment.
Insulin: Controls blood glucose and metabolism.
Ghrelin: Signals hunger when stomach is empty.
Leptin: Decreases hunger; indicates fullness.
Norepinephrine: Acts as a stimulant, influenced by caffeine in the context of alertness.
Bulimia Nervosa: Binge eating followed by purging (e.g., vomiting).
Anorexia Nervosa: Extreme weight loss, affecting primarily women.
Cultural influences emphasize low body weight as desirable, contributing factors to these disorders.
Defined as being severely overweight due to unhealthy habits or genetic predisposition.
Masters and Johnson's Sexual Response Cycle: Twilight includes excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.
Refers to individuals’ drive to excel and the differences in motivation levels towards complex behaviors.
Extrinsic Motivation: Derived from external rewards for accomplishments.
Intrinsic Motivation: Arises from internal rewards such as personal satisfaction from activities.
Theory X: Employees need external incentives to work.
Theory Y: Employees are internally motivated to perform well.
Approach-Approach: Choice between two positive outcomes.
Avoidance-Avoidance: Choice between two negative outcomes.
Approach-Avoidance: One goal with both positive and negative aspects.
Multiple Approach-Avoidance: Choosing between multiple options with their pros and cons.
James-Lange: Emotions follow physiological changes.
Cannon-Bard: Emotional and physiological responses occur simultaneously.
Schachter-Singer Two-Factor: Emotion results from physiological and cognitive processes.
Different cultures accurately label certain universal facial expressions.
Holmes-Rahe SRRS: Measures stress based on significant life events, correlating higher scores with increased likelihood of stress-related diseases.
Describes physiological stress responses in three stages: Alarm, Resistance, Exhaustion.
Lack of perceived control over stressors exacerbates negative effects; control can mitigate stress impacts.