LAB EXAM REVIEW

Page 1: Survey of Prokaryotes

• Survey of Prokaryotes:

  • Focus on two main types: Archaebacteria and Bacteria.

  • Identify shapes of bacteria:

    1. Bacillus

    2. Spirillum

    3. Coccus

• Bacteria Structure Labeling:

  • Options for labeling different bacterial structures include:

    • Plasma Membrane

    • Nucleoid

    • Cell Wall

    • Pili

    • Flagella

    • Gram + Cell Wall

    • Capsule

    • Plasmid

    • Ribosome

    • Endospore

    • Gram – Cell Wall

Page 2: Prokaryote Questions

• Domains of Prokaryotes:

  • Two domains: Bacteria and Archaea.

• Archaeans Environments:

  • Extreme environments: hot springs, deep-sea vents, acidic waters, salt flats.

  • Also found in soil and human gut.

• Prokaryote Classification:

  • Characterized by the absence of a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

  • DNA floats freely in cytoplasm unlike eukaryotes.

• Capsule Function:

  • Protects from immune system, aids in adhesion, prevents dehydration, enhances survival.

• Binary Fission Process:

  • DNA replication followed by cell growth and division into two identical cells.

• Importance of Plasmids:

  • Provide antibiotic resistance, strengthen bacteria, facilitate gene sharing.

Page 3: Further Prokaryote Questions

• Endospores Function:

  • Provide protection under harsh conditions; can resist heat, chemicals, radiation.

  • Reactivate when conditions improve.

• Common Bacterial Diseases:

  • Strep throat, Gonorrhea, Syphilis, Meningitis, Tetanus.

• Gram Staining Colors:

  • Difference due to cell wall thickness; Gram-positive stains purple, Gram-negative pink.

• Preventing Antibiotic Resistance:

  • Use antibiotics properly, avoid overuse, maintain hygiene, get vaccinated.

• Example of Beneficial Bacteria:

  • Gut bacteria in humans; evolved to aid in digestion, vitamin production, protection against pathogens.

  • Mutual relationship: host provides nutrients, bacteria aid in digestion.

Page 4: Bacterial Culture Procedures

• Culture Bacteria (Procedure 24.1):

  • Observe and evaluate bacterial colonies based on morphology.

  • Surface Sampled:

    • Chosen surface in classroom for sampling (to be noted).

• Colony Morphology Table (Table 24.4):

  • Evaluate single bacterial colony:

    • Characteristics: Diameter, Color, Form, Elevation, Margin.

• Gram Staining (Procedure 24.3):

  • Prepare and observe Gram stain using bacterial plates.

Page 5: Cyanobacteria Identification Quiz

• Cyanobacteria Matching:

  • Match pictures with descriptions:

    1. Oscillatoria

    2. Anabaena

    3. Nostoc

  • Correct matching: C, B, A.