1. Data Storage Summary: Data storage refers to how digital data is saved and retrieved. Common storage types include primary (RAM, cache) and secondary (hard drives, SSDs, cloud). Data is represented in binary form, and storage structures vary by purpose, such as text files, databases, or multimedia. Potential Exam Questions: Which of the following is a type of non-volatile storage? A) RAM B) Hard Disk C) Cache D) Registers What is the smallest unit of data in a computer? A) Byte B) Bit C) Megabyte D) Gigabyte 2. Data Manipulation Summary: Data manipulation is the process of organizing, filtering, and transforming data. It involves operations like addition, sorting, querying, and joining datasets. Databases, spreadsheets, and programming languages (like Python with libraries such as Pandas) are common tools for data manipulation. Potential Exam Questions: Which of the following operations is NOT typically involved in data manipulation? A) Sorting B) Querying C) Compiling D) Filtering Which programming language is known for data manipulation with libraries like Pandas? A) Java B) Python C) C++ D) Ruby 3. Operating Systems Summary: Operating systems (OS) are the software layer that manages hardware, user interfaces, and applications. Core functions include process management, memory management, file systems, and device handling. Common operating systems include Windows, macOS, Linux, and Android. Potential Exam Questions: Which part of the operating system is responsible for managing the CPU and deciding which processes run? A) File System B) Kernel C) Shell D) Driver Which of these is an open-source operating system? A) Windows B) Linux C) iOS D) macOS 4. Networking and the Internet Summary: Networking connects devices, allowing data sharing through protocols like TCP/IP. The Internet is a global network infrastructure using IP addresses and domain names to identify resources. Components include routers, servers, and clients. Potential Exam Questions: What does TCP/IP stand for? A) Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol B) Transfer Communication Protocol/Internet Protocol C) Transmit Control Protocol/Internal Protocol D) Transfer Control Program/Internet Protocol Which protocol is commonly used to transfer files over the internet? A) FTP B) HTTP C) SMTP D) DNS 5. Algorithms Summary: Algorithms are step-by-step instructions for solving a problem or performing a task. Key algorithm types include sorting, searching, and optimization algorithms. Algorithm efficiency is often evaluated by time and space complexity using Big O notation. Potential Exam Questions: Which algorithm has a time complexity of O(n log n) for average-case sorting? A) Bubble Sort B) Merge Sort C) Insertion Sort D) Selection Sort What does the Big O notation O(1) signify? A) Constant time B) Linear time C) Quadratic time D) Exponential time 6. Programming Languages Summary: Programming languages are tools for writing instructions that computers can execute. High-level languages (Python, Java) are human-readable, while low-level languages (assembly, machine code) directly interact with hardware. Key language types include imperative, functional, and object-oriented. Potential Exam Questions: Which of the following is an object-oriented programming language? A) C B) Python C) Assembly D) HTML Which language is known for its readability and use in web development, data science, and automation? A) JavaScript B) Java C) Python D) C++ 7. Software Engineering Summary: Software engineering involves designing, developing, testing, and maintaining software. Approaches like Agile, Waterfall, and DevOps support project management. Principles like modularity, encapsulation, and code reuse are essential to effective software design. Potential Exam Questions: What is the main focus of Agile software development? A) Following strict stages of development B) Customer collaboration and flexibility C) Cost-saving measures D) Documentation-heavy processes Which of the following is NOT a stage in the software development life cycle (SDLC)? A) Requirement analysis B) Design C) Implementation D) Hacking 8. Data Abstractions Summary: Data abstraction is the process of simplifying complex data by focusing on essential features while hiding implementation details. Key concepts include data types, structures (arrays, lists, trees), and encapsulation in object-oriented programming. Potential Exam Questions: Which of these data structures operates on a Last In, First Out (LIFO) basis? A) Queue B) Stack C) Tree D) Array What is encapsulation in object-oriented programming? A) The practice of using only simple data types B) Hiding data implementation details within a class C) Using loops to manage code structure D) Storing data in arrays 1. Data Storage • Summary: Digital data is stored using hardware like RAM, hard drives, and SSDs. Computers represent data in binary form (0s and 1s). Storage can be primary (e.g., RAM, which is temporary) or secondary (e.g., hard drives, which are permanent). • Potential Exam Questions: ◦ Which type of storage is temporary and is erased when the computer is turned off? ▪ A) Hard Disk ▪ B) SSD ▪ C) RAM ▪ D) CD-ROM ◦ What does a binary digit (bit) represent? ▪ A) A character ▪ B) A byte ▪ C) A 0 or 1 ▪ D) A decimal 2. Data Manipulation • Summary: Data manipulation involves modifying data to make it useful, such as sorting, filtering, and computing results. Basic tasks can be done in spreadsheets or programming languages like Python. • Potential Exam Questions: ◦ What is a common tool used for manipulating data in spreadsheets? ▪ A) Microsoft Word ▪ B) Excel ▪ C) PowerPoint ▪ D) Paint ◦ Which operation changes the order of data? ▪ A) Sorting ▪ B) Filtering ▪ C) Saving ▪ D) Typing 3. Operating Systems • Summary: An operating system (OS) is the main software that manages computer hardware and software resources. It handles files, manages tasks, and provides user interfaces. Examples include Windows, macOS, and Linux. • Potential Exam Questions: ◦ Which of these is an example of an operating system? ▪ A) Google ▪ B) Windows ▪ C) Chrome ▪ D) Excel ◦ What is the primary function of an operating system? ▪ A) Editing documents ▪ B) Managing hardware and software resources ▪ C) Sending emails ▪ D) Creating graphics 4. Networking and the Internet • Summary: Networking allows computers to share data. The internet is a global network that connects millions of networks. Common internet protocols include TCP/IP, HTTP, and FTP. • Potential Exam Questions: ◦ What is the primary purpose of a computer network? ▪ A) To run software ▪ B) To connect computers and share data ▪ C) To play video games ▪ D) To create documents ◦ What does HTTP stand for? ▪ A) Hyperlink Text Transmission Protocol ▪ B) Hypertext Transfer Protocol ▪ C) High-speed Text Transmission Protocol ▪ D) Hyperlink Transmission Protocol 5. Algorithms • Summary: An algorithm is a series of steps to solve a specific problem. Algorithms are essential in computer science for tasks like sorting and searching data. Their efficiency is measured by the time and resources required to run them. • Potential Exam Questions: ◦ An algorithm is: ▪ A) A software program ▪ B) A step-by-step set of instructions ▪ C) A type of hardware ▪ D) A computer language ◦ Which of these is a common use for algorithms? ▪ A) Coloring images ▪ B) Searching and sorting data ▪ C) Typing documents ▪ D) Designing websites 6. Programming Languages • Summary: Programming languages like Python, Java, and C++ allow people to write code that computers can follow. High-level languages are closer to human language, while low-level languages are closer to machine code. • Potential Exam Questions: ◦ Which language is known for being easy to learn and widely used in education? ▪ A) C++ ▪ B) Python ▪ C) Assembly ▪ D) Ruby ◦ Programming languages that are easy for humans to read are called: ▪ A) Low-level languages ▪ B) High-level languages ▪ C) Machine code ▪ D) Hardware languages 7. Software Engineering • Summary: Software engineering is the process of planning, designing, testing, and maintaining software systems. It involves methodologies like Agile and Waterfall, which structure how projects are developed. • Potential Exam Questions: ◦ What is the main goal of software engineering? ▪ A) Building faster computers ▪ B) Developing reliable, maintainable software ▪ C) Writing blogs ▪ D) Designing web pages ◦ Which software engineering approach is based on short, iterative cycles? ▪ A) Waterfall ▪ B) Agile ▪ C) Linear ▪ D) Gantt 8. Data Abstractions • Summary: Data abstraction simplifies data handling by focusing on essential features while hiding details. Examples include data types like integers, strings, and complex structures like arrays and trees. • Potential Exam Questions: ◦ Which data structure allows you to add and remove elements at only one end? ▪ A) Stack ▪ B) Queue ▪ C) Array ▪ D) Tree ◦ Data abstraction helps by: ▪ A) Increasing storage space ▪ B) Simplifying complex data management ▪ C) Increasing memory speed ▪ D) None of the above