Untitled Flashcards Set

1. Thematic issues of interest in the field - nature/nurture, continuity, stability

2. Cross-sectional study - different ages same time

3. Longitudinal study - same people over time

8-2 What are the key physical developmental milestones that occur through infancy?

4.  Critical period - skills are readily acquired, essential

5. Teratogens - agents reach embryo, cause harm

6. Fetal alcohol syndrome - detriment to baby caused by alcohol.

7. Infant reflexes -  important motor development,  lost by 6 mo.

8. Rooting - turns head and nurses

9. Swallowing - without choking

10. Babinski reflex - splaying of toes foot stroked

11.  Moro reflex - flailing arms

12.   Visual cliff - depth perception 6 mo. 

13. Habituation, examined for cognitive development

8-3 Describe how psychologists explain how we develop cognitively throughout our lifespan.

14.  Jean Piaget - pioneer of biological development

15. Schemas - mental grouping

16.  Assimilation - incorporating new experiences

17.  Accommodation - adjusting a schema

18.  Sensorimotor stage - take in the world through senses (birth-2 yo.) 

19. Object permanence - objects continue to exist

20.  Stranger anxiety - fear of others, 8 mo. 

21.  Separation anxiety - 12 mo, want to be with parent

22.  Preoperational stage - mental symbols used, 2-6 yrs

23.  Irreversibility - can't realize things can be undone

24.  Conservation - quantity same change of shape

25.  Animism - feelings to objects 

26. Artificialism - all things created by people

27.  Egocentrism - can't understand other perspectives

28.  Theory of mind - ability to understand others POV

29. Concrete operational stage - 6 to 12, problem solving

30. Formal operational stage - 12+, concrete to abstract thinking

31.  Formal operational thinking - reason and hypothesize

32.  Vygotsky - Development potential

33.  Zone of proximal development - child will boost to environment

34. Scaffolding - promotes higher levels of thinking

8-4 How do humans acquire language?

35. Language - way of communicating

36.  Phonics - basic sounds (40)

37.  Morphemes - small sounds that carry meaning (100,000)

38.  Words - sounds with meaning (295,000)

39. Grammar - system of rules in language

40.  Syntax - grammar rule concerning word order

41.  Semantics - meaning in language

42.  Language acquisition - 4 stages

43.  Cooing - 6-8 weeks, voluntary sounds not crying

44.  Babbling - 4 months, clear constant based sounds, mama

45.  One word stage - Family understands

46.  Telegraphic stage - two words

47.  Overgeneralization of grammar rules - children

8-5 Describe how psychologists explain social-emotional development, especially in childhood. (Erickson’s psychosocial development stages are on this map)

48.  Erik Erickson - developed 8 stages of psychosocial development

49.  1. Trust vs. Mistrust - Infants develop predictability (Birth-1yr.)

50.  2. Autonomy vs Shame and doubt - Willing to explore (1-3yrs.)

51.  3. Initiative vs Guilt - complete task alone (3-6yrs.)

52.  4. Industry vs inferiority - Confidence in work (6yrs.-puberty)

53.  5. Identity vs role confusion - Confidence in identity (Teens-Mid 20s)

54.  6. Intimacy vs isolation - find love (Young adulthood)

55.  7. Generativity vs stagnation - contributing to greater good (40s-50s)

56.  8. Integrity vs despair - satisfied with life (60+)

57.  ACES - impact relations with others

58.  Ecological systems theory - social environments impact development

59.  Chronosystem - present stage of life

60.  Macrosystem - cultural influences 

61.  Exosystem - indirect environments 

62.  Mesosystem - relationships between groups in microsystem

63.  Microsystem - groups individual has contact with 

64.  Parenting styles - way children are raised 

65.  Authoritarian - impose rules and expect obedience

66.  Permissive - submit to child's demands 

67.  Authoritative - demanding but responsive

68.  Imprinting - animals period of attachment 

69.  Attachments - human version

70.  Attachment theory - way child is attached to parent

71.  Secure attachment - willing to explore in presence of parent

72.  Insecure - cling to parent 

73.  Avoidant - parent absent, problems deep relationships

74.  Anxious - Inconsistent parenting, child fears abandonment 

75.  Disorganized - Safety becomes fear 

76.  Temperament - nature patterns of emotional reactions

77.  Easy babies - adjust to new situations, cheerful 

78.  Difficult babies - slow to adjust, negative

79.  Slow to warm up babies - difficult become easy over time

80. Confort contact - Hugging mom improves mood

81.  Parallel and pretend - alongside and imagination

8-6 What factors influence prenatal and adolescent sexual development? 

82.  Puberty - 2 year period of sexual maturation

83. Gender - Cultural expectations of male or female

84.  Sex - assigned at birth 

85.  Intersex - poses male and female characteristics 

86.  X chromosome - Chromosome found in males and females

87.  Y chromosome - Chromosome found in males

88.  Testosterone - most important male hormone

89.  Estrogens - hormone contributes to female characteristics

90. Primary sex characteristics - Reproductive organs

91. Secondary sex characteristics - non reproductive

92. Spermarche - first ejaculation

93. Menarche - first period 

94. Role - how society expects behavior 

95. Gender roles - behavior for men and women

96. Social Learning Theory - Impacts gender typing

97. Gender identity - Personal behavior as gender

98. Gender typing - attributes to gender based on stereotypes

8-7 Describe key features of adolescence, including physical, social-emotional development, and identity.

99.  Adolescence - life between childhood and adulthood 

100. Peer relationships - where you get culture

101. Egocentrism - everyones watching me

102. Personal fable - I'm not paying for parking 

103. Identity - who am i 

104. James Marcia - 4 stages of adolescent identity 

105. 1. Foreclosure - accepting beliefs of community and family 

106. 2. Diffusion - inactive status 

107. 3. Moratorium - Actively making decisions, options open

108. 4.  Achievement - vales and goals emerged

8-8 What are the physical and cognitive changes that emerge as we age?

109. Adulthood - major life events occur 

110. Social clock - cultures unique timing to events 

111. Emerging adulthood - Not teenagers but not independent 

112. Physical age - sensory organs age 

113. Motor decline - after age 70 skills decline 

114. Dementia - gradual decline in thinking 

115. Fluid intelligence - declines with age

116. Chrisyatlized intelligence - increases with age

117. Death and dying phenomenon - see life as meaningful 

118. Death deferral phenomenon - dying after Christmas 

119. Broken heart syndrome - stressful events risk death