Psychology Memory Test

Encoding, Storage, Retrieval – Encoding is the process of converting information into a form that can be stored in memory. Storage refers to maintaining encoded information over time. Retrieval is accessing stored information when needed.

Modal Model of the Mind/Atkinson-Shiffrin – This model describes memory as having three stages: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. Information moves sequentially through these stages, with attention and rehearsal playing key roles.

Memory Techniques – Strategies such as chunking, mnemonics, and visualization that enhance memory retention and retrieval.

Sensory Memory – A brief storage system for sensory information, lasting only milliseconds to seconds.

Iconic Memory – A type of sensory memory that temporarily holds visual information for less than a second.

Echoic Memory – A type of sensory memory that temporarily holds auditory information for a few seconds.

Working Memory/Short-term Memory – A limited-capacity memory system that temporarily holds and manipulates information for immediate use.

Long-term Memory – A memory system with potentially unlimited storage that retains information over extended periods.

Attention – The cognitive process of selectively focusing on specific information while ignoring other stimuli.

Cocktail Party Phenomenon and Selective Listening – The ability to focus on a specific conversation in a noisy environment while filtering out other stimuli.

Selective Visual Attention – The process of focusing on specific visual details while ignoring other aspects of a scene.

Brain Areas for Memory (Hippocampus, Prefrontal Cortex) – The hippocampus is essential for forming new long-term memories, while the prefrontal cortex is involved in working memory and decision-making.

Magical Number – Refers to Miller’s concept that short-term memory can hold about 7 ± 2 items.

Chunking – Grouping information into meaningful units to enhance memory capacity.

Power of Background Knowledge – Prior knowledge helps in understanding, encoding, and retrieving new information.

Serial Position Effect – The tendency to recall the first and last items in a list better than the middle ones.

Primacy Effect – Better recall for items presented at the beginning of a list due to rehearsal.

Recency Effect – Better recall for items at the end of a list due to their presence in short-term memory.

Alan Baddeley Model of Working Memory – A multi-component model of working memory consisting of the phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, episodic buffer, and central executive.

Phonological Loop – A component of working memory that processes and stores verbal and auditory information.

Visuospatial Sketchpad – A component of working memory that processes and stores visual and spatial information.

Episodic Buffer – A temporary storage system that integrates information from different memory components.

Central Executive – The control system of working memory that directs attention and coordinates cognitive tasks.

Maintenance Rehearsal – Repetitive review of information to keep it in short-term memory.

Shallow Processing – Encoding information based on surface-level characteristics, leading to weaker memory retention.

Elaborative Rehearsal/Deep Processing – Encoding information by linking it to existing knowledge, enhancing memory retention.

Mental Walk/Memory Palace – A mnemonic technique that involves visualizing information in familiar spatial locations.

Priming – The unconscious activation of related concepts due to prior exposure.

Multiple Systems Model – A theory that memory consists of different systems, such as declarative and non-declarative memory.

Declarative Memory/Explicit Memory – Memory of facts and experiences that can be consciously recalled.

Episodic Memory – A type of declarative memory that involves personal experiences and events.

Semantic Memory – A type of declarative memory that involves general knowledge and facts.

HM – Henry Molaison – A famous patient who lost the ability to form new declarative memories after hippocampus removal.

Non-Declarative Memory/Implicit Memory – Memory for skills and behaviors that operate unconsciously.

Flashbulb Memory – Highly vivid and detailed memory of significant events.

Retrograde Amnesia – The loss of past memories due to brain injury or trauma.

Motor Memory – The ability to retain and execute learned motor skills.

Temporal Lobe Amnesia/Anterograde Amnesia – The inability to form new long-term memories due to temporal lobe damage.

Retroactive Interference – When new information disrupts the recall of old information.

Proactive Interference – When old information disrupts the recall of new information.

Associations (Remote Associations Activity) – The connection between seemingly unrelated ideas or concepts in memory.

Retrieval Cue – A stimulus that helps access a stored memory.

Association by Contiguity – Linking memories based on their co-occurrence in time or space.

Procedural Memory – A type of implicit memory involving learned skills and habits.

Effect of Context and Context-Dependent Memory – The idea that memory retrieval is easier when the context matches the original learning environment.

Source Confusion – Misattributing the origin of a memory to the wrong source.

Elizabeth Loftus – A cognitive psychologist known for her research on memory distortion and false memories.

Eyewitness Memories – Recollections of events by witnesses, often susceptible to distortion and inaccuracies.

Schema vs Script – A schema is a mental framework for organizing knowledge, while a script is a structured sequence of expected events in a given situation.

Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve – A graph showing how memory retention declines over time without reinforcement.