Genetics Exam Study Guide

Complete this study guide to the best of your ability BEFORE the test! (2/9 for A day) (2/10 for B day). The study guide is DUE the day of the test! The study guide will count as three extra credit points on your test if it is complete AND at least 85% accurate. This is an individual assignment, you should not be collaborating with anyone. You may use the internet for information, but your answers should not be copy and pasted.

The Genetics test will cover the following information:

• DNA structure and function

• Protein synthesis

• Inheritance, Punnett Squares, Di-hybrid Cross

• Meiosis

• Synthetic Biology

Terms/Vocabulary:

To do well on the exam you should be able to write a clear and descriptive definition of each of the following words, you should be able to match these words with their definitions as well as use these words in a sentence about Biology. To complete the study guide write the definition of the words below.

• DNA - deoxyribonucleic Acid

- DNA is a Nucleic Acid ( A polymer that is composed of Nucleotides )

- DNA Stores genetic information and acts as the code to build proteins

- DNA replicates itself when cells divide (Mitosis)

- DNA is shaped like a double helix- like a ladder that has been twisted

around like a candy wrapper.

• Nucleotides; Adenine (A), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G), Thymine (T)

These nucleotides connect to each

other to form a helix. Two helixes join

together to form ONE molecule of DNA.

• ATGC - DNA, A-T, C-G

• AUGC - mRNA = protein, A-U, G-C

• Double helix - 1 DNA molecule

• Single helix - Many Nucleotides

• Non-coding strand - Template strand, starts with 5 ends with 3.

• Coding strand - Non - template, starts with 3 ends with 5.

• mRNA - The ribosome reads the DNA and builds proteins.

• Transcription - The process of using DNA as a template to make mRNA.

• Translation - The ribosome mRNA is translated into proteins.

• Nucleus - Stores DNA.

• Ribosome - builds protein.

• Protein - Amino Acids

• Amino Acid - Type of nucleotides.

• Codon - three nucleotides in a row on 1 piece of mRNA

• tRNA

• The Central Dogma - The process of DNA to Protein and Protein Sythenes

• Gene - A gene is a segment of DNA that codes for one specific protein.

• Allele - An allele is a type of gene determined by the specific sequence of

nucleotides, each individual has at least two alleles for any given gene.

• Dominant - “strong” allele, This allele is the allele that “wins”. If a dominant

allele is present that can tell you what the phenotype of the individual will be. The Dominant allele is always written in a capital letter.

• Recessive - “weak’ allele. There must be TWO of them to have the phenotype. A recessive allele is written as a lower case letter.

• Punnett Square - Possible outcomes for offspring.

• Genotype - The written abbreviation for what alleles an individual HAS for a certain gene.

• Phenotype - The written version of what allele is OBSERVED in an individual for a certain gene.

• Homozygous - two of the same alleles

• Heterozygous - two different alleles

• Genetics - The scientific study of genes and heredity, genetics is how certain qualities

• or traits are passed from parents to offspring as a result of passing on DNA.

• Dihybrid cross

• Meiosis - Meiosis is the process of producing 4 genetically different germ-line cells,

sometimes called gametes! Meiosis can only produce sperm or egg cells. Is not part of the cell cycle. Produces Haploid cells.

• Meiosis 1; - Prophase 1

- Metaphase 1

- Anaphase 1

- Telophase 1

- Cytokinesis

• Meiosis 2; - Prophase 2

- Metaphase 2

- Anaphase 2

- Telophase 2

- Cytokinesis

• Crossing Over - During prophase 1, after the DNA has been replicated during interphase, the homologous chromosomes line up next to each other and trade genes. Principles of biomedical ethics - 1. Respect for autonomy - Respect the wishes of the individual, informed consent

2. Non-maleficence (I will do no harm)

3. Beneficence (I will do good)

4. Justice - patients receive equitable and fair treatment

• Synthetic Biology - a field of biotechnology that combines engineering principles with biology to design, construct, and modify biological systems for useful purposes.