How did the heavily industrialized nations of Western Europe earn the loyalty of their citizens?

1. Feudalism

   1. A system in which people were given land and protection by people of higher rank, and worked and fought for them in return

Which non-industrialized regions of the world became known as the “Third World”

1. Countries that were economically poor and non-industrialized

2. Some regions were Africa, parts of Asia, and Latin America

Explain the roles/contributions of the following politicians/leaders in their respective countries

1. Metternich of Austria

   1. Advocate of conservatism

   2. Maintained power of balance

2. Mazzini of Italy

   1. His writings inspired many to join the movement for Italian unification

3. Cavour of Italy

   1. Played a more diplomatic role in the defeat of Austria to pave the way for Italian unification

4. Garibaldi of Italy

   1. Military leader

   2. Led the Red Shirts

5. Bismarck of Germany

   1. Created realpolitik

   2. First chancellor of German Empire

6. Wilhelm I of Germany

   1. Marked beginning of the German Empire after Bismarck

7. Napoleon III of France

   1. Created strong army, especially during the Crimean War

What were the contributions of Charles Darwin to science in the mid to late 19th century? What did he mean by the phrase “Origin of Species?”

1. The difference species of living things on earth evolved by natural means from earlier ancestors

2. Basis of survival of the fittest

Who was known as the father of “Social Darwinism”? What did he mean by the phrase “survival of the fittest”?

1. Herbert Spencer

2. Implied that those who were the fittest would survive the social world due to some biological mechanism that made them superior

What were the main characteristics of and contributors to the following cultural movements?

1. Romanticism

   1. Emotion over reason

   2. Nature

   3. Mystification

   4. Individualism

2. Realism

   1. Account of everyday occurrences

   2. Realistic setting

   3. Opposite of romanticism

What were the causes and effects of the Crimean War

1. Started by disputes over the Ottoman Empire land (orthodox Christians living in the ottoman territory)

2. Ended by the Treaty of Paris, which limited the power of Russia

Characterize and contrast the means by which the following countries achieved reform in the second half of the 19th century

1. Russia

   1. Emancipation of 1861 freed over 23 million serfs

2. France

   1. Bought a lot of western Africa

   2. Direct competition with Great Britain

3. Britain

   1. Sought to improve the lives of the poorer class

   2. End of slavery

   3. Much more education

What were the causes and effects of the 1905 Russian Revolution?

1. Started by the international humiliation that resulted from Russian defeat in the Russo-Japanese war

2. Resulted in minor restrictions of the Tsar

3. Allowed Lenin to seize power

What diplomatic and political tensions were created by the gradual decline of the Ottoman Empire in the 19th century?

1. Led to fights over claiming new territories

Identify and explain Bismarck’s main goals and policies to unify and strengthen a new unified Germany

1. Wanted to fortify the strength and interests of the protestant Prussia

2. Focused on expanding military power, and started separate wars with Austria, Denmark, and France to expand German power

What was the “Irish Question” that faced British lawmakers?

1. Ireland demanded independence

Dual Monarchy

1. *Austria-Hungary

2. Main reason was to provide military support for each other’s decisions

Evolution Marxism

1. Reformed Marxism to better reflect new realities

2. Eduard Bernstein

   1. Reformism

   2. Democratic processes

   3. Revision of economic predictions

Imperialist expansion

1. Causes

   1. Competition in overseas territories

   2. Nationalism

2. Affects

   1. Plantations

   2. Erosion of indigenous populations

   3. Redrawing of borders

   4. New global economy

Old vs. New imperialism

1. Old

   1. Outposts for trade

   2. Interested only in natural resources

2. New

   1. Caused by industrial revolution

   2. Wanted to gain prestige/glory

   3. Secure military bases

   4. Provided outlet for surplus populations

   5. Bring ‘advanced’ western culture to the backward

Berlin Conference

1. Outcomes

   1. Ended slavery

   2. Leopold claimed the Congo

   3. Free trade in Niger and Congo

2. Scramble for Africa

   1. The period between 1884-1914, when European colonizers divide up Africa into protectorates, colonies, and free-trade areas

The white man’s burden

1. The task that white colonizers believed they had to impose their civilization on the inhabitants of their colonies

2. ‘Develop’ the non-white people

3. Believed it was a moral duty to others

Terms and Definitions

1. Logical Positivism

   1. A form of positivism that the only meaningful philosophical problems are those that can be solved by logical analysis

2. Romantic nationalism

   1. A nations' formation, legitimacy, and perpetuating are due to the people of the land, not the monarch’s divine right

3. Revisionist socialism

   1. Opposed Marx’s aggressive Marxism, and sought more peaceful solutions to political change

4. Feminism

   1. Fight for equal rights for women

5. Futurism

   1. An artistic movement from Italy that emphasized dynamism, speed, tech, youth, violence, and objects such as the car or airplane

6. Anarchism

   1. Advocating for the abolition of hierarchical government and organization of society

7. Abolitionism

   1. Movement to end slavery and liberate enslaved people around the world