APUSH I Video Review

UNIT 1: 1491-1607

During the period between 1491-1607, exploration of the New World by European superpowers altered life in both the New and Old World. Connections between the two previously independent worlds were established. Despite this change, competition between different European powers remained continuous during this time. Also, Europeans remained dominant and superior to the native populations in the New World. The Columbian Exchange compares modern day globalization. During the Columbian exchange, goods, peoples, and ideas were shared between the New World and the Old World. These new technologies and foods permanently altered the way of life in each respective region. Globalization in the 21st century has allowed businesses to develop international influence. American businesses, like McDonald's, influence regions on the other side of the globe. These international interactions among countries parallel the exchanges made during the Columbian exchange. Like the industries in America affect people in other countries today, resources cultivated in the new World affected people in the Old World during the Columbian exchange. Technology has also fostered the sharing of ideas around the globe through the use of social networks. People from separate countries are constantly in contact and influencing one another.

1. What should we know about Native Americans pre-Columbian?

The Native American cultures were diverse before Europeans arrived- there were fishing villages and hunter-gatherers.

1. Identify the various Native groups highlighted in this video. What are they known for?

Pueblos

• Farmers who harvested crops like corn
• Evidence of advanced irrigation systems
• Build small urban centers
• In southwest = desert

Nomadic

• Hunting and gathering food
• Organized themselves into groups

Chumash

• Built villages that were capable of sustaining nearly one thousand people
• Participated in regional trade networks up and down the coast

Chinook

• Built extensive plank houses which housed whole families

Iroquois

• Farmers who lived communally in longhouses constructed from the abundant timber that was in the area
• In northeast

Cahokia

• Somewhere between ten and thirty thousand people
• Centralized government led by powerful chiefs

1. Why were Europeans seeking new trade routes? What group was first to expand maritime technology?

Europeans were seeking new trade routes because European kingdoms were going through significant changes with stronger and more centralized states. A growing wealthy upper class developed a taste of goods from Asia, but Muslims controlled many of the land based trading routes. This meant that Europeans in general were unable to establish trade with those regions on their own terms. That led them to seek out sea based routes for trade. Portugal was the first group to expand maritime trade/technology.

1. What was the Reconquista and how did it impact the Spanish?

The Reconquista was the reconquest of Iberian peninsula from the North African Muslim wars which led a fire in their bellies to spread Catholic Christianity far and wide and the new power led them to seek new economic opportunities in the east.

1. What was Columbus seeking to do in 1492?

In 1492, Christopher Columbus was seeking sponsorship in order to sail west and find new wealth in Asia = looking for trade routes

1. What did Columbus find, if not a trade route that he was looking for?

Columbus found a new continent that no European has ever explored/known of before. He landed in the Caribbean and upon his return tales began to spread far and wide of the hidden wealth of the New World, which created fierce competition among European nations.

1. What is the ecological exchange that occurred with Columbus’ landing in the New World?

The Columbian exchange is the transfer of people, animals, plants, and diseases from the east to the west and the west to the east.

1. What is transferred between the Old and New Worlds?

From America, foods like potatoes, tomatoes, and maize crossed the Atlantic into Europe. From Europe to the Americas came things like wheat, rice, and soybeans.

• Old to New = domesticated animals
• Disease
• Food
• Religion (christianity coming to New World)
• Sugar = from Old World

1. Beyond food and crops, what was exchanged across oceans?

Beyond food and crops, cattle, gold, and silver were transported across the ocean. People were also moving to the Americas and enslaved African Americans were introduced to the exchange. The Europeans also brought smallpox with them as they arrived in the Americas.

1. How were Native Amerians impacted by diseases?

The Native Americans had no immunity to smallpox, and as a result huge portions of their population were wiped out by the disease. On some islands, whole populations were nearly extinguished.

1. How were the early roots of capitalism seen in early exploration?

The influx of wealth had the effect of shifting feudalism into a more capitalistic system. Capitalism is an economic system based on private ownership and free exchange. There was a rise of joint-stock companies to fund exploration (a limited liability organization in which a plurality of investors pool their money to fund a venture).

1. Who was the first to gain a foothold in the Americas?

Spain was the first to gain a foothold in the Americas.

1. What was going to make Europeans wealthy in the Americas?

Spain found that agriculture was going to make Europeans wealthy in the Americas.

1. Why were the Natives not a viable forced labor force in the Americas and how did this lead to the trans-Atlantic slave route?

The Natives were not a viable forced labor force in the Americans because the natives were native to the land and found many ways to escape the brutality of their enslavement. The natives also continued to die in massive numbers because of the smallpox.

1. Why were Africans sought as the forced labor source in the Americas?

Africans were sought as the forced labor source in the Americas because the Africans didn’t know the America geography and were less likely to escape. They had also developed more immunity to European diseases because they had interacted with Europeans in trade before.

1. What is the casta system? What is the order?

The casta system categorized people in the Americas based on their racial ancestry. On the top were the peninsulares who were Spaniards born in the Americas. The Criollos were Spanish born in the Americas, then Castas which had several subdivisions: Mestizos (Spanish and Native) and Mulattoes (Spanish and African). Below were the Africans and Native Americans.

1. How did Europeans view Native Americans?

For the most part, Europeans looked down on the Native Americans. To the Europeans, the Native Americans were basically just good for exploitation, military alliances, forced labor, and subjects of Christian conversion.

1. How did the Europeans justify to themselves their use of African slaves?

The Europeans were able to justify their use of African slaves because they convinced themselves that they were less than human.

SAMPLE SAQ FOR UNIT 1: Answers

UNIT 2: 1607-1754 (1607 = founding of Jamestown - 1754 = French and Indian War)

From the establishment of the first permanent English settlement in North America to the start of a decisive war for European control of the continent, the colonies evolved. At first, they struggled for survival, but they became a society of permanent famers, plantations, and ideas for governing the Americas. In particular, with varying approaches, they all sought to dominate the native inhabitants. The British took pride in their tradition of free farmers working the land. The various colonies developed regional or sectional differences based on many influences including topography, natural resources, climate, and the background of their settlers. They largely viewed the American Indian as an obstacle to colonial growth. With their emphasis on agriculture came a demand for labor, and this led to a growing dependence on slavery and the Atlantic slave trade to power the economy. The start of the Seven Years War signified the maturity of the British colonies and the influence of European conflicts in the power struggle for control in North America.

1. French: How did the French colonize in the Americas? Where and what kind of settlements did they have? Any other characteristics?

The French were different from the Spanish because they were more interested in trade than they were in conquest, especially the fish and fur trade. There were relatively few French people who showed up on American shores. In order to further advance their economic goals, some French traders married Native American wives which kept kinship ties alive with some of their more significant native trading partners.

1. How was there somewhat of a reciprocal relationship between the French and the Natives?

Transactional marriages occurred between the French and the Native Americans. There were some mutual benefits that came out of these alliances, such as an alliance that occurred between the French and the Ojibwe Indians. The Indians benefited the French because they could prepare beaver skins for sale at market, and the French benefited the Indians because they introduced iron cookware and manufactured claws.

1. Dutch: Where did the Dutch settle in the New World?

In 1609, the Dutch established a fur trading center on the Hudson River. Their goals for colonizing were mainly economic like the French, and were altogether Protestant. But unlike the Spanish, they showed little interest in converting the natives to Christianity. In 1624, they had established New Amsterdamwhich facilitated and advanced their economic goals.

1. British: What are the motivations of colonization?
   1. Economic

During this period, Britain was economically a hot mess. Inflation began to take hold of the British economy as a result of the Columbian Exchange, wars with France, and the conquest of Ireland. Due to the Enclosure Movement, the lower classes were enduring hardship because the land which had always been available to them for farming was rapidly disappearing. Therefore, the motivation pushing the British to colonize the Americas were new economic opportunities and lands on which they could seek those opportunities.

• 1. Religion

Others in Britain wanted to venture across the Atlantic in order to seek religious freedom and improved living conditions.

1. Chesapeake: Jamestown (first permanent colonial settlement) 1607- What role did a Joint Stock Company play in settling Jamestown?

The founding of Jamestown was financed by an economic model called a Joint Stock Company. A Joint Stock Company was a private business entity in which several different investors put money into a pot and then collected profits when the entity was successful. Jamestown was purely a profit-seeking venture.

1. What troubles did Jamestown have initially?

In the first two years at Jamestown, disease and famine killed nearly half the settlers. It got so bad that some of them resorted to cannibalism to survive. By 1610, seven out of eight of the settlers were dead.

1. What “saved” Jamestown?

In 1612, Colonist John Ralphian experimented with Tobacco cultivation which led to a complete reversal of their fortunes. There was a huge influx of investment gain when tobacco was found to be marketable. Leadership of John Smith = “work or starve.”

1. What is an example of semi coerced labor in Jamestown?

Indentured servants were people who couldn’t afford passage from Britain to the New World, so they signed a labor contract that paid for that passage and they agreed to work for usually seven years.

1. What was Bacon’s Rebellion and what was the result?

A settler named Nathaniel Bacon led angry poor farmers including indentured servants in an attack against the Native Americans. They then turned their militia toward the plantations owned by Governor Berkeley and burned plantations, but ultimately the rebellion was squashed. The consequence of all this is that the planter elites got a healthy dose of fear with respect to disgruntled indentured servants. That made them want to stop leaning on the broken staff of indentured servitude and lean more heavily on African slavery.

1. In what way did New England settlements also have challenges like the Southern Colonies?

Even though their goals were different, they still had a rough time like the other region. Fevers and disease killed about half the original settlers. But after a few years, they had established themselves a thriving colonial economy that included agriculture and commerce. Both were agricultural, but different types of agriculture.

1. What were the goals of the New England colonies?

In 1620, the region was settled by Pilgrims who migrated in family units in order to establish a society, not a profit-seeking enterprise. Their goals were bound up in their Christian religion and they created family economies as farmers.

1. West Indies: what was the key cash crop and how did this end up changing the demographic of the Caribbean?

The key cash crop was tobacco, but by the 1630s falling tobacco prices led to the introduction of a new crop: sugarcane. The demand for it spiked, but it is a very labor-intensive crop, so along with the demand for sugarcane came the increase in demand for African slaves to grow it. Sugar cane.

1. What were the Middle Colonies?

The Middle Colonies included Pennsylvania, New York, New Jersey, and Delaware. These colonies thrived on the export economy, mainly of cereal crops.

1. What was unique about Pennsylvania?

Pennsylvania was founded by the Quaker and pacifist William Penn. In this colony, religious freedom for all was recognized. The land on which colonists farmed was not obtained by force from the Natives but mainly by negotiation with them.

1. Representative Government

The lower house of a colonial legislature was a representative assembly. These assemblies were called by different names (House of Burgesses and Commons House of Assembly).

• 1. Mayflower Compact

Pilgrims signed this before they disembarked from their ship, the Mayflower, which organized their government on the model of a self-governing church congregation.

• 1. House of Burgesses

It was a representative assembly which could levy taxes and pass laws in Virginia.

1. TRADE Similarities between all

A new Atlantic economy was developed with the uptake of colonization in the Americas.

• 1. Triangle Trade

Merchant ships would follow a three part journey on this trading route. Merchants in New England would carry rum to West Africa where they would trade it for enslaved people. Then the ships sailed the dread Middle Passage in which their holes were packed to a cruel and unhealthy measure with enslaved cargo. Eventually they made their landfall in the West Indies where they traded the slaves for sugarcane. Then they took that sugarcane right back up to New England where they sold the sugarcane which was used to make rum.

• 1. Middle Passage

A leg of the triangle trade route where enslaved people were tightly packed onto ships.

• 1. Mercantilism

Mercantilism was an economic system of trade based on the idea that a nation’s wealth and power were best served by increasing exports and trade. (Colonies exist to benefit the mother country) Each state’s goal was to gain as much of the wealth as possible. More exports than imports. This mercantilist system relied heavily on establishing colonies because that’s where the raw materials came from.

• 1. Navigation Acts

The Navigation Acts were a set of laws that required merchants to engage in trade with English colonies and English-owned ships. Also, certain valuable trade items were required to pass exclusively through British ports where they could then be taxed.

• 1. WHO GAINED from trade?

This newly established Atlantic trade system generated massive wealth for the elites like merchants, plantation owners, and investors. It also turned America’s seaports into thriving urban centers.

1. Where was slavery in the colonies and WHY was it used?

Every British colony participated in in the slave trade mainly because of the extraordinary wealth they gained by coerced labor in the export economies dedicated to tobacco, sugarcane, and indigo. Competitively, the New England farmers held relatively few slaves. The Chesapeake and Southern Colonies on the other hand held lots of slaves.

1. What is CHATTEL Slavery?

Strict slave codes were introduced, and these slaves were defined as chattel, which is property.

1. Covert vs. Overt Slave rebellion: What is the difference?

Covert and Overt were the two types of slave rebellion. The covert resistors were the insistence to secretly maintain cultural customs and belief systems from their homeland. Others broke tools, ruined stored seeds with moisture, or faked illness. One significant example of the strategy of the overt was the Stono Rebellion.

1. What was the Stono Rebellion?

In South Carolina in 1739, a small group of slaves stole weapons from a store and killed its owners. Then they marched along the Stono River and their numbers grew as they marched. Along the way they burned plantations and killed white people. The South Carolina militia finally confronted them and squashed the rebellion but not before losing many of their own numbers.

1. What was King Philip’s War?

Metacom was the chief of the Wampanoag Indians and the British called him King Philip. He began to see that the British encroachment on their ancestral lands would destroy their way of life, so the British must be forced out. So the Wampanoag allied themselves with other Native groups and attacked white settlements throughout New England. They burned fields, killed men, and captured women and children. The British allied themselves with the Mohawk Indians who eventually ambushed and killed Metacom and the movement fizzled out. The point is that all was not well between the British and the Native Americans.

1. What was the Enlightenment and WHY is it important to the NEXT UNIT?!

The Enlightenment was a movement in Europe especially among the elite that emphasized rational thinking over traditional and religious revelation. This movement took root in the colonies largely because of a robust transatlantic print culture. That print culture spread the ideas of Enlightenment thinkers like John Locke and Voltaire. This introduced ideas like Natural Rights to the colonists. The idea is that people have inborn rights given to them by a creator and not a government. There was also the idea that the best form of government involved checking and balancing power, and the best way to achieve that was to split the government into three branches: legislative, executive, and judicial.

• John Locke = reason over religion (social contract)

1. What is the Great Awakening?

The Great Awakening was a massive religious revival that swept through all the colonies and generated intense Christian enthusiasm. Two notable leaders in this movement were Jonathan Edwards and George Whitfield. Edwards was a New England minister who preached in Northampton. George Whitfield was a fiery preacher who traveled throughout all the colonies preaching wherever he could gather people. The result of the Great Awakening was a large-scale return to the Christian faith and an experience that bound the Colonists together. Many people point to the Great Awakening as where the seeds were sown for the rejection of the British.

SAMPLE SAQ FOR UNIT 2: POSSIBLE ANSWERS

UNIT 3: 1754-1800 (1800 = peaceful transfer from one political party to another)

1. What is the major theme of this unit?

The major theme of this unit is how America was transformed into a collection of British colonies into a distinct independent nation and how we began to develop a distinct national identity.

1. What is the time period in this unit?

The time period covered by this unit is 1754-1800.

1. What prompted the French and Indian War in the United States?

The French and Indian War was part of a larger conflict called the Seven Years War. The conflict began because British colonists were getting a little twitchy about French encroachment on their western border, specifically in the Ohio River Valley.

1. What was Ben Franklin’s Albany Plan of the Union? Why was this significant?

Ben Franklin’s Albany Plan of the Union called for a more centralized government for the colonies which would better enable them to mount a more coordinated effort for western defense. The plan was rejected because of the taxation required for raising the troops for such a plan. It was an important meeting and proposal because it laid the mold for the future revolutionary Congress.

1. What was the consequence of the French and Indian War?

Despite the early humiliation, the British won the French and Indian War and signed the Peace of Paris in 1763. The French were almost completely ousted from North America and the Louisiana Territory was given to Spain. The British more than doubled their land holdings on the North American continent, gaining all the land west of the Mississippi River. The first consequence of the war was that colonists hungry for land began to push westward into the Ohio River Valley, which intensified conflicts with the Native Americans.

1. What was the Proclamation of 1763? Why did it frustrate colonists?

The Royal Proclamation of 1763 forbade colonists from taking land in the Ohio River Valley. This proclamation deeply frustrated the colonists who had fought in the war and therefore felt entitled to the spoils of the war. They felt they could improve their lot in life by moving westward.

1. What was the second consequence of the war?

The second consequence of the war was that it was expensive. Over the course of the war, British debt doubled and the cost of running the colonies increased fivefold.

1. Why was the era of Salutary Neglect over?

Salutary Neglect gave the colonists the effect that they were managing their own affairs without much involvement from Parliament. But now in order to pay for the war, the era of Salutary Neglect was over. Immediately Parliament enacted a much stricter enforcement of the Navigation Acts that already existed.

1. What was the Quartering Act?

The Quartering Act of 1765 meant that even though the war was over, imperial troops would remain in the American colonies in order to enforce all of these new rules. The law said it was the colonists who were responsible for feeding and housing these soldiers if the quarters of these soldiers were inadequate.

1. What was the Sugar Act?

The Sugar Act imposed taxes on coffee, wine, and other luxury items. There was also an existing tax on molasses which the British decided at this point they were going to start enforcing.

1. What was the Stamp Act?

The Stamp Act of 1765 meant that there was a tax on all paper items like newspapers, playing cards, and contracts. It was especially threatening to the colonists because during this year they were experiencing declining wages and a rise in unemployment.

1. How did the British contest the argument that colonists were not being represented?

The British countered the argument by saying that the colonists were in fact represented in Parliament by something called Virtual Representation. The idea behind this was that members of Parliament represented all classes of British citizens, not necessarily every locality. In that sense, they argued the American colonists were represented. This argument was not surprisingly not very convincing to American colonists.

1. Sons and Daughters of Liberty: What was the result of the creation of these groups?

Groups like the Sons and Daughters of Liberty sprang up and dedicated themselves to the repeal of the Stamp Act. This tension heated up 27 delegates from nine colonies assembled in New York in what became known as the Stamp Act Congress. The result of this meeting was a formal petition to the British parliament to repeal the Stamp Act.

1. It is important to remember….

It is important to remember that even as the Congress was rejecting the Stamp Act, they did so as loyal subjects to the British crown and to their country. This was not a bid for independence, it was British subjects trying to have the full rights of British citizens applied to them.

1. What was the Declaratory Act?

The Declaratory Act said that Britain had the right to pass any law that they wanted to on the colonies.

1. What were the Townshend Acts?

The Townshend Acts levied new taxes on items imported to the colonies like paper, glass, and tea.

1. What was the reaction to the Townshend Act and who was relied on for this?

In response to the passage of the Townshend Acts, there were highly organized protests. Members from all of American society participated, and their main plan was to boycott many British goods. The colonists especially depended on women for this because they were purchasing the bulk of household items.

1. What was the Boston Massacre?

Imperial troops were stationed in the colonies in order to enforce British law, so one night a group of boys and young men began harassing a British group of soldiers in Boston. They insulted them and threw snowballs and stones. It was unclear how or why the first shot was fired but it led to more shooting and in the end 11 colonists were wounded and 4 were dead. To the colonists, the massacre was a sure sign of increasing British tyranny.

1. What was the Boston Tea Party?

The Boston Tea Party was a response to the passing of the Tea Act of 1773. Essentially it gave the British East India Company exclusive rights to buy and ship tea in the colonies. In December of that year, about 50 colonists disguised as American Indians boarded a merchant ship and dumped about 45 tons of British tea into the harbor.

1. What were the Intolerable Acts?

The Intolerable Acts were the combination of the Coercive Acts which closed down the Boston Harbor until the tea was paid for and the new Quartering Act to go along with it. News of these tyrannies spread throughout the colonies increasingly by folks who identified themselves as patriots.

1. What was the GOAL of the First Continental Congress? How does this happen in the context of the Enlightenment?

The goal of the first Continental Congress was to bring together the colonies. Everyone agreed that the colonies needed to resist further violations of their liberties at the hands of Parliament. These men had come to believe deeply in the idea of natural rights, which is to say that all human beings are born with certain rights by God, not a government, and therefore a government cannot take them away. They were also influenced by the idea of a social contract between the government and the people where the power to govern is in the hands of the people and they willingly give over some of that power to create a government capable of protecting their natural rights. They came to a point where they decided that independence from Britain was the only way their nation could survive and thrive.

1. What role did Thomas Paine play in rallying the colonial call?

Early in 1776, Thomas Paine published a pamphlet called Common Sense and in it he argued that the only rational way forward for America was independence from Britain. He did this with masterful illusions to the Bible and structured it with Enlightenment principles. This pamphlet spread like fire throughout the colonies and by the spring of 1776 the majority of colonists had been convinced that independence was the only option.

1. How is the Declaration of Independence influenced by the Enlightenment?

The Declaration of Independence is shot through with Enlightenment thought. Natural Rights and the Social Contract are both ideas that are brought up.

REVOLUTION

1. Why was Saratoga 1777 a turning point in the American Revolution?

The Battle of Saratoga in 1777 was a turning point in the American Revolution because the patriots defeated Britain. Their victory here convinced the French to ally with the Americans against the British. The French aided the Americans in the war, and long story short the British didn’t have the resources to outlast their American enemies. After their defeat at the Battle of Yorktown in 1781, the British army surrendered.

REVOLUTION Aftermath: AOC-Constitution

1. Articles of Confederation: What were some of the PROBLEMS of the AOC?

Under the Articles of Confederation, the federal government had very limited power to tax. There was too much power in the states.

1. What was an immediate issue for the AOC? And why does it lead to the best thing the federal government did during this time period?

An immediate issue for the AOC was the problem of westward migration. Warfare between westward pushing settlers and Indians continued to occur. In order to regulate this territory, Congress passed the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 which provided a plan for how unformed territories could be occupied and then applied to the union for statehood and abolished slavery in the northwest territory.

1. Shays’s Rebellion: How does this show the AOC was not adequate?

Many farmers had fallen into debt while they were fighting in the Revolutionary War, and when they returned many of them were unable to pay their debts because of inflation and new taxes being imposed on them. Daniel Shays happened to be one of those farmers and gathered a militia of about 1,000 other farmers and headed to the town arsenal (in MA) where they planned to arm themselves and wreak havoc, but they were quickly squashed by the local militia. The importance of Shay's Rebellion is that it displayed the weakness of the AOC. This uprising alarmed state and national leaders who began to wonder how many other angry farmers could rise up and try to kill them. The articles seemed very flimsy.

1. What was the purpose of the Constitutional Convention?

The purpose of the Constitutional Convention was to revise the articles and to shore up its weaknesses. But it soon became apparent to all that attended that what was really needed was a new constitution altogether.

1. Federalist vs Anti-Federalist Debate: What was it?

The Federalists were more urban with a commercial background and they wanted a stronger central government. The Anti-Federalists were more rural and they liked the states having the power and opposed an increase in the federal government’s power.

Representation

1. Virginia Plan vs. NJ Plan: What was it and what was the result?

The Virginia plan argued for representation by population and favored big states. The small states proposed the New Jersey plan that argued that states should be represented equally regardless of population, which benefited the small states.

Slaves

1. Representation how? And what was the result?

The Great Compromise was the result of the debate and stated that the legislative branch would be split into two houses. In the House of Representatives, states would be represented by population, and then in the Senate states would have equal votes (two votes per state). The three-fifths compromise stated that for purposes of representation they would just count up all the enslaved people in a particular state, take three-fifths of that number, and then that’s how many seats would be added to their house.

1. What was the result of the Constitution?

The new Constitution provided for a more robust central government, but at the same time it took pains to check and balance the power of that government by splitting it into three branches: the legislative, the executive, and the judicial.

1. What was the Federalist Papers and its purpose?

The Federalist Papers were written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison in order to convince the American public of the merits of the Constitution.

1. How did the Federalists get the Anti-Federalists on board with signing off on the new Constitution?

The Federalists agreed to add a Bill of Rights as soon as the Constitution was ratified.

George Washington Presidency

1. What is Republican Motherhood?

The development of Republican Motherhood assigned women to a new purpose. According to this idea, women could best influence political realities not by voting but by raising virtuous sons instructed in the principles of liberty.

1. What were some of the precedents set by the new executive branch?

George Washington was elected president and John Adams Vice President. To bring order to his administration, Washington established the departments of the treasury, state, war, and justice.

1. What did Alexander Hamilton create that “fired up the opposition”?

Alexander Hamilton proposed the creation of the National Bank, and critics argued that the Constitution made no provision for a bank. But Hamilton invoked the elastic clause of the Constitution which states that Congress has the right to make any law that is necessary and proper in order to carry out its other responsibilities.

1. How did the Whiskey Rebellion show the power of the Constitution?

One of Hmailton’s policies included a tax on whiskey, which was made and consumed mainly by poor frontier farmers. These farmers in their anger attacked and assaulted these tax collectors who tried to collect revenue from them. Washington went ahead and federalized four state militias and sent them in to crush the rebellion.

1. What did the Democratic Republicans oppose from the new administration? You can see the problems and challenges between political parties forming…

Democratic Republicans opposed the Federalists and thought that the debt plan, national bank, and response to the whiskey rebellion were clear evidence of federal overreach.

1. What did Washignton warn the country about in his farewell address?

In his farewell address, Washington cautioned the nation against the formation of political parties and their divisive effects. He also cautioned America against getting entangled in foreign affairs, especially in European alliances.

John Adams Presidency

1. What was the cause of the XYZ Affair?

War broke out between Britain and France and even though Adams insisted that America would remain neutral, the French had a nasty habit of seizing American trade ships that were going to Britain. So, Adams sent a delegation to France to negotiate some sort of settlement, but the three French men demanded some sort of bribe and were only identified as X,Y, and Z. The outrage was shared among the Federalists and Democratic Republicans.

1. What were the Alien and Sedition Acts and why were they passed and how did the Democratic Republicans respond? (Virginia and Kentucky Resolution)

The Alien Acts made it legal and easy to deport any non-citizen of the United States. It was mainly aimed at the growing Scottish and Irish immigrants who opposed the Federalists’ sympathies for Britain. The Sedition Acts made it illegal to criticize the government publicly. In The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, the Democratic Republicans argued that any law passed by the government that is blatantly unconstitutional can be nullified by the states.

UNIT 4: 1800-1848

1. What are the three main topics of unit 4 that you should know?

The three main topics of unit 4 that you should know are the expanding role of the United States in world affairs, the transformation of the society and economy in the early years of the republic, and how Americans came to terms with all the growing democratic impulses going on during this time period.

1. What two groups debated during this period? What were they arguing about?

During this period, there were debates between the Democratic Republicans and the Federalists. Two of the main debates were about American relations with foreign powers and the scope of federal power back at home.

1. Why did conflict erupt with the Barbary Pirates?

The US government had paid tribute to the Barbary states of North Africa in exchange for their protection of American merchant ships, and this was a policy put in place by prior Federalist President Washington and Adams, but Jefferson was morally opposed to paying bribes in order to engage in trade. So he ordered those payments to cease and as a result the Barbary pirates lifted their protection and began attacking US merchant ships.

1. What was the Democratic Republican view on the Constitution?

The Democratic Republicans championed a strict constructionist view of the Constitution. They believed that the federal government was only able to do what was explicitly written in the Constitution.

1. What was the Federalist view on the Constitution?

Federalists were loose constructionists, which meant that the federal government had a lot more flexibility with the written word of the Constitution.

1. What conflict did Thomas Jefferson face with the Louisiana Purchase?

James Monrow bought the Louisiana Territory from Napoleon for $15 million, but Thomas Jefferson was a strict constructionist and there is nothing in the Constitution that gives the power to the president to buy land, but there was nothing he could do about it. He justified the purchase to himself by arguing that by owning the new land Indians could be moved further westward and it would cut off European influence in the region and open up trading.

1. What was the role of Lewis and Clark?

Lewi and Clark began the exploration of the vast new territory beginning in 1804 and they traveled thousands of miles up the Missouri River until they wound up on the Pacific Coast. The travels of this expedition led to more accurate mapping of the territory, greater geographic and scientific knowledge of the region, and further diplomatic relations with the Indians who lived there.

1. Marbury vs. Madison: Beyond the actual nuances of the case, what did Marbury vs. Madison establish?

In Marbury vs. Madison, the court proclaimed itself to be the final interpreter of the Constitution and that the Judiciary Act itself was unconstitutional, and therefore, Marbury would not receive his commission. This had the effect of increasing the power of the Supreme Court.

1. McCulloch vs Maryland: What did this establish?

As a result of this case, the Supreme Court decided that federal law trumps state law.

1. War of 1812: What were the causes?

France and Britain were fighting and the US wanted to remain neutral, but France and Britain kept seizing American merchant ships, Americans who were moving westward were having Indian problems and they became convinced that the British were stirring up this resistance, and British ships were forcibly capturing American citizens and making them serve in the royal navy.

War hawks wanted to fight against the britsh to gain canada

1. While the D-Rs were for the war, what was the Federalist view of the War and what did it lead to?

The Federalists were against the war and met together at the Hartford Convention in 1814. (DR were the war hawks)

1. What were the 3 results of the War of 1812?

The victory created the occasion for an intense nationalism in the Americans, because it was the second war that America had won against the British. The second consequence was the final demise of the Federalist party. Because they were so opposed to this war, it seemed like they were out of touch with American reality, and this marked the beginning of a so-called era of good feelings with a supposed national unity under the Democratic Republican party.

1. What was Clay’s American System?

Three interdependent policies were proposed with the intent of unifying the American economy. The first was for federally funded internal improvements like roads and canals that would aid farmers and merchants, the second was for the implementation of protective tariffs which would protect US manufacturing, and the third provision was for a second bank of the United States.

1. What did Thomas Jefferson call the Tallmadge Amendment and how is it prophetic of the Civil War?

New York congressman James Talmadge went ahead and attached an amendment to Missouri’s application for statehood prohibiting slavery in the new state, which was a big deal. It immediately caused a firestorm in Congress because during the time, the most important thing was keeping the balance between the free states and slave states. If Missouri came in as a free state, that means that the slave states would be the losers in the senate on every vote that concerned such matters. Thomas Jefferson became a vocal advocate against the Tallmadge Amendment. People began to think of a Civil War as a result of this.

1. What was the Missouri Compromise of 1820?

Henry Clay proposed the Missouri Compromise of 1820, and according to this compromise they would bring in Missouri as a slave state and then bring in Maine as a free state. Thus, the free state slave state balance in the senate would be preserved and in order. In order to solve the problem for future expansion westward, they decided that the southern border of Missouri would hereafter be the line separating slave territory, and below it slavery would be permitted.

1. What was the Monroe Doctrine?

The Monroe Doctrine of 1823 basically established the Western Hemisphere as a US sphere of influence to be free of European influence.

1. What was the Market Revolution?

The Market Revolution was the linking of northern industries with the western and southern farms which was created by advances in agriculture, industry, communication, and transportation. Previously markets were local and small. There was no good way to transport things. This all changes with new technology! This is the beginning of mass production.

1. How did American Society change due to the Market Revolution:
   1. Demographically?

With steam power, trading vessels could navigate up and down the rivers. The first big leap forward in transportation came with the building of canals, for example the Erie Canal that stretched across NY state. By the 1820s and 1830s, railroads began to replace canals, and state and local governments helped this process by granting special loans and tax breaks to railroad companies. The American industry became more interconnected and interdependent than ever before, which especially promoted the growth of western agriculture.

• 1. Impact on Cities?

Industrial cities exploded in both population and diversity. Between 1820 and 1840, roughly two million immigrants showed up on the American shores mainly from Germany and Ireland. Their cheap labor further fueled northern industry, and others migrated west to establish farms on the frontier.

• 1. Impact on class structure?

The immigrants who stayed in the industrial cities transformed the urban landscape as they formed a growing class of laboring poor and crowded themselves into hastily built housing called tenements. There was also a growing middle class that first emerged in the north and included businessmen, shopkeepers, journalists, lawyers, and doctors. With their growing prosperity, they had disposable income which they spent on leisure activities like plays, circuses, and sporting events.

• 1. Role of Women? (for upper class)

The ladies were expected to conform to a growing societal norm which was known as the Cult of Domesticity. The idea was that a woman’s identity and sense of purpose revolved around childbearing and making her home a haven of rest for her husband. This didn’t spread to the lower classes, because the women had to work in order for their family to survive.

1. Expansion of Democracy: How did this era expand democracy?

At this time, the only people who could vote were property owning white miles, so that means that voting was the prerogative of the elite, but as the century progressed, working men and small farmers began to demand the right to vote. The Panic of 1819 was the first major recession in US history and resulted from irresponsible banking practices and decreased demand for exports. Laboring men were hit hardest by this panic and wanted to be able to hold politicians accountable for their failures to regulate banks, but they could not vote. So, by 1825 most eastern states had lowered or eliminated their property qualifications for voting, and now that American politics had an influx of new voters, that led to the growth and realignment of political parties.

1. What new political parties emerged in 1824?

The election of 1824 led to a split in the Democratic Republican party. The group who called themselves the National Republicans had a more expansive view of federal power and were loose constructionists. The group who called themselves the Democrats had a restrictive view of federal power and were strict constructionists.

1. What was the Corrupt Bargain of 1824?

In 1824, Adams was elected as president through the House because nobody won the majority of electoral votes. Shortly after he came into office, he named Henry Clay as his Secretary of State. Jackson and all his supporters saw this and called it the corrupt bargain.

Andrew Jackson

1. What was the main disagreement between Jackson and Clay?

Democrats were led by Andrew Jackson and the new party, the Whigs, was led by Henry Clay. The main disagreement between Jackson and Clay was the scope of federal power.

1. Why did Southerners hate the tariff - what did they call it?

The tariff of 1828 was passed during the Adams administration and it raised import duties up to fifty percent. Northern manufacturers and western farmers loved this tariff because it protected their industries, but southerners hated it because they relied on imported goods. They called it the “tariff of abominations.”

1. How did the tariff lead to a crisis- what was it called?

The Vice President Calhoun shared the southern hatred of this tariff and developed this doctrine of nullification which meant that states had the power to determine the constitutionality of federal laws and if a state found a law to fail the test they could nullify it or refuse to follow. So in 1832 when Congress reaffirmed that tariff South Caroline held a convention and decided they would not pay those taxes and furthermore and federal authorities came to collect those taxes, South Carolina would secede from the union.

1. Whose side did Jackson side with during the Nullification Crisis?

Andrew Jackson persuaded Congress to pass the force bill, which gave him the authority to use federal troops to enforce federal law in South Carolina. Jackson did work with Congress in order to lower the tariff so that way South Carolina could remain in the Union.

1. What did Jackson do with the National Bank?

A second example of the divide on the scope of federal power was Jackson’s veto of the Second Bank of the United States, which was established as part of Henry Clay’s American system. Jackson concluded that a national bank favored the elite over ordinary citizens and as a man of the people he sought to correct that error. When the recharter for the bill for the bank passed Congress and showed up on Jackson’s desk, he vetoed it, calling it a monster that was dangerous to the common people of America.

1. What did Jackson do to Natives in Florida?

Acquisition of Indian land was a big issue before and during Jackson’s administration, and it came to a head in the Indian Removal Act of 1830. Upon the passage of the Indian Removal Act the Cherokee refused to be resettled across the Mississippi River, and they actually challenged that law in the Supreme Court where the court ruled that the Cherokee Nation was sovereign and Georgia did not have the right to impose state laws within their boundaries. The Treaty of New Echota exchanged Cherokee land in Georgia for a reservation territory west of the Mississippi River.

American Society

1. Transcendentalism: Ralph Waldo Emerson/Famous writings?

Transcendentalism emphasized the power and beauty of nature. Ralph Waldo Emerson believed that moral perfection could be achieved in the United States. Later, Henry David Thoreau moved to a cabin near Walden pond and he lived there among nature for a year and made an experiment of human perfection and wrote a book called Walden.

1. What were Utopian communities?

Utopian communities were usually very influenced by European intellectuals and American values of democracy and equality.

1. What was the Oneida Community?

The Oneida Community was formed in 1848 in central New York, and this group of Chritstians became convinced that the second coming of Christ had already occurred and therefore they must shake off the restraints of the kingdom of this world and live communally and in perfect equality. So, each member relinquished any private property they owned and one of their more well-known doctrines was that of complex marriage, This meant that everyone in the community belonged to everyone else.

1. Spiritual Renewal: What are the characteristics of the Second Great Awakening?

Baptists, Methodists, and Presbyterians organized camp meetings in the woods that people attended for days on end and each day would feature up to a dozen evangelical preachers who preached with fervor all day long. The Second Great Awakening, the preachers were emphasizing the moral reformation of society.

1. Be familiar with the Mormons as a religious migration out West…

In the beginning New Yorkers tolerated the Mormon presence but once Smith proclaimed that God had instructed his community to enjoy the institution of polygamy where men can marry many wives, they fell under persecution. The next prophet of the group led the community to establish a theocracy on the Great Salt Lake in the Utah territory.

1. Why did Abolitionism grow in the 1820s?

In the 1820s, the Abolitionist movement was mainly confined to free Blacks and Quakers, but later in this period the movement really started picking up steam. One cause for this was the publication in 1831 of William Lloyd Garrison’s newspaper The Liberator. He argued forcefully that white people needed to take a stand against slavery by means of moral persuasion and not violence.

American Anti-Slavery Society

1. How did the Abolition movement lead to Seneca Falls?

There were many women who supported the cause of abolitionism but they found that their status as women made it impossible for them to advocate for the cause as they wished. They concluded that in order to be more effective in their campaigns they needed more rights for themselves. In 1848, Women gathered for the Seneca Falls Convention in New York.

1. What is the Declaration of Sentiments?

This was the first women’s rights conference in America and there they drafted the Declaration of Sentiments which called for women’s equality in education, legal rights, and voting.

1. What was the impact of Nat Turner’s Revolt?

In 1831, a Black laborer named Nat Turner organized a slave revolt in Virginia believing that God had given him a mission to do so, and by the end of the rebellion he and his followers had killed over fifty white people. Turned and 55 of his followers were hanged publicly, but this event only served to further increase the fear among southerners of more slave rebellions.

UNIT 5: 1844-1877 (ends because of reconstruction)

MANIFEST DESTINY:

1. What is Manifest Destiny and who gave Americans this destiny?

Manifest Destiny is the destiny to possess the whole continent from sea to sea, and God gave them the destiny. The idea is that Americans have a God given right to have a nation that extends from the Atlantic to the Pacific.

1. What were the three reasons people moved West?

Americans needed more access to mineral and natural resources. Mainly, the discovery of gold in California in 1848 created the California Gold Rush, where people from the east rushed out west. People also expanded westward to look for economic and homesteading opportunities. The Preemption Acts passed by Congress in the 1830s and 1840s made large amounts of land cheap to anyone who wanted to buy it. The third reason people moved west was for the purpose of religious refuge. Mormons seeked refuge

1. What territories did President Polk want?

Polk was a big believer in Manifest Destiny and had his eye on Texas and Oregon.

MEXICAN AMERICAN WAR: (gains land and brings up the issue of slavery)

1. What did Texas want?

Texas didn’t want to remain independent, they wanted to be annexed by the United States. To the Mexican government, that was a reason to get in a fight. White settlers moved into the texas area. They wanted to be owned by the US

1. Where did Polk station American troops? And why was this controversial?

Polk took office in 1845 and one of his main campaign promises was the annexation of Texas. In 1846, Polk stationed American troops onto the Rio Grande. Polk sent General Zachary Taylor with his troops to meet Mexicans at the Rio Grande, and at the end eleven Americans were dead. This was controversial, because the Mexican Government said that the border ran along the Nueces River, and the American government said the border ran along the Rio Grande.

1. Effects of the war: What was the first from the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo?

The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo established the Rio Grande as the southern border of Texas, and it outlined the deal for the Mexican Cession.

1. What did the Mexican Cession give to the United States?

The Mexican Cession gave the US California and New Mexico for fifteen million dollars.

1. What was Wilmot Proviso? Why was it contentious?

The Wilmot Proviso was an amendment added to an appropriations bill which proposed that any lands gained from victory in the Mexican American war be off limits to the expansion of slavery. It was ultimately voted down, but it was important because it showed the growing tensions over slavery in the US.

1. Who was basically living in Mexican Cession territory?

The majority of non-American people living in that land remained there as the territory changed hands from Mexico to the US. The treaty specified that all Mexicans living in the territory would be granted US citizenship, however the Native Americans living there were not given an offer.

COMPROMISE OF 1850

1. What did the Southerners believe about the legality of the expansion of slavery? What were they “hanging on to”?

Southerners argued that slavery was a constitutional right and argued that slavery had already been decided in the Missouri Compromise. Since the line had already been established where slavery could and could not exist, the Southerners thought that the line would just continue into the Pacific. So, the Missouri Compromise was very important to the slave-holding south and they held onto it.

1. What was the Free Soil Movement?

The Free Soil Movement was composed of Northern Democrats and Whigs and “free soil” meant that they wanted any new territories acquired to be the dominion of free laborers, not enslaved ones.

1. What did the popular sovereignty group believe about the new territory?

The group believed that the people living in each territory should decide the slavery question for themselves.

1. What did Henry Clay offer to solve the issue of Mexican Cession?
   1. The Mexican Cession would be further divided into the Utah and New Mexico territories would would practice popular sovereignty
   2. California would be admitted as a free state
   3. Slave trade banned in Washington DC
   4. A stricter Fugitive Slave Law would be passed and enforced

SECTIONAL CONFLICT

Immigration conflicts

1. What challenges met immigrants in the United States?

In the years prior to the Civil War, a huge number of immigrants, mostly Irish and German, arrived on the American shores seeking a new home. They largely settled in cultural enclaves, or ethnic communities, when they arrived. For the most part, they lived in slums where there was disease, unemployment, and high infant mortality rates.

1. What was the nativist movement? Who did they oppose?

The nativist movement was a movement of people who supported nativism, which is a policy of protecting the interests of native-born people against the interests of immigrants.

1. Who were the Know Nothings?

The Know Nothings were a political party organized by nativists. They were called the Know-Nothing Party because apparently if you asked them what they believe, they would say, “We know nothing.”

Slavery

1. What were the primary labor systems in the US at this time?

In the north, the economy was stimulated by free wage laborers working manufacturing jobs in factories. The southern economy was largely fueled by enslaved labor working agricultural plantations. Population-wise, the north was growing much more rapidly than the south.

1. What were the strategies of abolitionists?

Abolitionists in the north were actually a minority group, but they ended up being a highly influential group because of the effectiveness of their strategies and tactics to make their message heard. Some used words, others assisted fugitive slaves to escape, and others still used violence.

1. Who was William Lloyd Garrison? Who was Frederick Douglas?

William Lloyd Garrison had an abolitionist newspaper called The Liberator which was extremely influential in the abolitionist community. Frederick Douglass gave abolitionist speeches after he had escaped slavery.

1. What was the impact of Uncle Tom’s Cabin?

Uncle Tom’s Cabin was extremely influential, as Harriet Beecher Stowe depicted the dehumanization and brutality of slavery in graphic detail.

1. What was the Underground Railroad?

The Underground Railroad was a series of trails and safehouses that helped enslaved people in the south find safe passage to the north. Tens of thousands of people made use of the passage, some even traveling all the way to Canada to ensure that they were out of the range of the stricter Fugitive Slave Law passed under the Compromise of 1850.

1. What was the goal of John Brown?

John Brown was a fierce abolitionist and believed that the only way for America to be freed of slavery was by means of a slave uprising against the slaveholding south. He devised a plan to raid the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry, VA in 1859 in order to steal weapons, distribute them to enslaved people, and start an armed rebellion. However, they were shut down by Robert E. Lee. Soon after, John Brown was hanged for his crimes.

ROAD TO CIVIL WAR

1. Attempts to compromise about slavery were tied to…

Regional division and new land in the west. ( they all failed)

1. Kansas Nebraska 1854: What did Stephen Douglas propose?

Stephen Douglas proposed that the land be divided into two parts: the Kansas Territory and the Nebraska Territory. He also proposed that each territory decide by popular sovereignty whether to allow slavery or not. Douglas wanted to build a railroad

1. What did the K-N Act effectively negate?

By passing this law, Congress effectively overturned the Compromise of 1820 which northerners held onto tightly.

1. What did the violence become known as in Kansas?

Violence erupted in Kansas between pro-slavery and anti-slavery groups as a result of the popular sovereignty decision. The violence became known as Bleeding Kansas and continued on and off for several years.

1. Why were there so many illegal votes in Kansas?

There were so many illegal votes in Kansas because Missouri was a bordering slave state, and at the news that a new territorial legislature was being elected, thousands of pro-slavery Missourians flooded across the border and casted illegal votes for a pro-slavery territory.

1. 1857 Dred Scott: Why did Dred Scott sue for his freedom? On what grounds…?

Dred Scott was an enslaved man who lived in Missouri and he was taken by his master to live in Illinois and Wisconsin, where slavery was illegal. Based on that, Dred Scott sued his master for his freedom arguing that by living in free territory for two years, he was indeed free.

1. What did Taney decide in the Supreme Court?
   1. As a slave, Dred Scott was not a citizen and therefore had no right to sue in federal court
   2. The Constitution clearly states that Congress cannot deprive any citizen of property, therefore if enslaved people were property, then slave owners could take them anywhere they wanted without fear of being deprived of their property
2. What did this effectively do?

If slave owners could now take their “property” anywhere they wanted, that means that any territory or state in the Union would be open to slavery.

1. What did Republicans argue about slavery?

The Republican Party was born in 1845 which had a diverse group of people: former members of the Know Nothing Party, Abolitionists, Free Soilers, Conscience Whigs, and more. Republicans argued that slavery should not be able to spread into new territories.

IMPACT OF THE ELECTION OF 1860

1. What platform did Lincoln run on?

Lincoln ran on a Free Soil platform. The Free Soil Movement sought to keep slavery from expanding into any newly acquired territories, and the platform was concerned with preventing the spread of slavery, not the abolition of slavery where it already existed.

1. What was the Southern answer to the problems they saw in the Union?

The Southern answer to the problems they saw in the Union was that they could not survive in those conditions anymore. South Carolina was the first state to secede from the Union, and more states followed soon after.

1. For what reason did the South secede?

Some say that the south seceded to protect slavery, while others say that the south seceded on the grounds of states’ rights. When the secession question arose, each state that would later make up the Confederacy held secession conferences. As a result of the conferences, each state drafted the articles of secession that explained their reasoning for leaving the Union. The states themselves would say that slavery must be protected.

The Civil War:

1. What were the advantages of the NORTH?

The North had the advantage of population, which was about four times that of the southern states. They also had possession and command of a strong navy from which they could control the seas and rivers. Additionally, the North had an economic advantage because they possessed most of the banks and manufacturing districts. Also the railroads and well-established central government gave them an advantage.

1. What were the advantages of the SOUTH?

The South had the advantage of fighting a defense war, because they didn't have the need to invade anybody, just to stay put and fight off the aggressor. The South also possessed greater and more experienced military leaders like Robert E. Lee and Stonewall Jackson.

1. Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

In the Battle of Bull Run, 30,000 Union troops marched to confront Confederate troops at Bull Run Creek in Virginia. The battle began with the Union winning, but once Confederate reinforcements arrived under the command of Stonewall Jackson, things took a turn and the Confederates won.

1. What was the Union strategy?

One of the main Union strategies was called the Anaconda Plan, which meant that the North would lean heavily on its naval advantage in order to blockade Southern ports and control the Mississippi River.

1. What was the Southern strategy?

The Southern strategy largely relied on foreign help, especially from Britain and France, who relied heavily on exported southern cotton for their textile industries (King Cotton).

1. What was the Emancipation Proclamation? January 1st 1863

The Emancipation Proclamation was the document in which President Lincoln freed enslaved people, but actually only in those states that were in active rebellion against the United States. Lincoln freed enslaved people in the Confederacy where he technically had no authority to do so, and did not free them in the border states where he did have authority to do so. So, it was more of a military strategy than a document of freedom. However, it did two things: enslaved workers in the Confederacy escaped plantations and ran to safety of Union lines and it basically closed the door on British help for the South.

Post Civil War Reconstruction:

1. What was the Freedmen's Bureau?

The Freedmen’s Bureau helped reunite families separated by slavery and arrange for their education and social welfare.

1. What were two ways to subordinate newly freed men -SHOWING continuities between pre and post Civil War South?
2. Sharecropping
   1. The Southerners figured out that Black workers would agree to work the fields, but in order to have access to employment they had to sign a contract that bound them perpetually to the plantation and gave plantation owners the right to extract unlimited labor from them. In sharecropping, land owners provided seed and farm supplies to the worker in exchange for a share of the harvest, but it just turned into another form of coerced servitude that wasn’t unlike slavery at all.
3. White Supremacy
   1. The Southerners did not think that they had to accept African Americans as equals. The KKK formed in the south to terrorize Black people and was founded on the principle that the white race was superior to the Black race.
4. What were Black Codes?

Black Codes were a series of laws that placed many restrictions on Black people in the South. Black Codes prohibited Black Americans from borrowing money to buy or rent land, which made them prime candidates for the sharecropping system. It also prevented them from testifying against white people in court.

1. Why did Reconstruction end in 1877?

Reconstruction ended in 1877 because of the election of 1876 between Samuel Tilden and Rutherford B. Hayes. Additionally, many northerners were more concerned with industrial development than the race problem in the south. Any protection blacks had in the south was gone

• Radical republicans in congress
• 10% plan
• Radical republicans wanted revenge (50% plan)
• 10% plan is accepted
• Civil rights act passed but doesn’t really do anything
• KNOW THE 3 CIVIL WAR AMENDMENTS
  • 13th: abolish slavery
  • 14th: equal protection under the law → anyone born in america is a citizen
  • 15th: vote regardless of race (FOR MEN)