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Introduction to Science and Technology in the Philippines

• Science and technology are essential for socioeconomic progress, especially recognized post-World War II.

• Dependence on foreign science and technology is a significant issue for Third World countries, linked to political sovereignty and economic self-reliance.

• Majority of research and development (98%) is concentrated in developed nations.

• This paper aims to explore the history of science and technology in the Philippines through the lens of various interdependent factors (geography, colonialism, economic policies, etc.).

Definitions

Science

• Systematic understanding and explanation of natural laws.

• Focuses on research generating new knowledge, which may not have immediate applications.

Technology

• Seen as systematic knowledge of industrial arts, including techniques for utilizing such knowledge.

• While science underpins technology, technological developments are more tangible and commercially viable, i.e., production of goods and services.

Historical Context of Science and Technology

• Historically, science and technology developed independently, with technology emerging from necessity (trial and error).

• Modern advancements have linked science and technology closely, with reciprocal influences on discoveries and innovations.

Precolonial Science and Technology

• Limited written records exist regarding pre-Spanish Philippine technology, largely reconstructed through archaeology and traveler accounts.

• Ancient Filipinos were relatively self-sufficient with technology, albeit simpler compared to Chinese and Japanese standards.

• Archaeological Findings

  • Early humans (Homo sapiens) migrated to the Philippines ~50,000 years ago, developing stone tools over time.

  • Settlements formed by 3,000 B.C., with advancements in pottery, metalwork (copper, gold, iron), and weaving.

  • By 1 A.D., technology in agriculture, trade (boat-building), and metal production was established.

  • Active trade relations established with regions like Vietnam and China as early as the 10th century.

Trading and Cultural Influences

• Contact with foreign cultures (China, Borneo, Malacca) influenced local technology and culture, introducing materials such as porcelain and silk.

• The Islamic and Chinese influence during trade periods highlighted cultural and technological exchanges.

• Cultural practices and technology were unevenly developed—coastal areas engaged more actively in trade, while inland communities were less developed due to isolation.

Spanish Colonization and Its Impact on Science and Technology

• The Spanish established towns and local governance impacting socio-economic structures, leading to dislocation and decline of traditional crafts.

• Development of education under the Spanish was primarily religious, with limited access for natives.

• Various educational institutions were founded (University of Santo Tomas, colleges by Jesuits and Dominicans) offering advanced studies primarily to the elite.

• The 19th century saw the establishment of vocational and technical education, albeit limited and not widely pursued.

Advances during the Spanish Period

• Scientific activities recorded in hospitals and educational institutions mostly focused on pharmacy and infectious disease research.

• The introduction of modern medical practices and scientific education faced opposition from colonial authorities fearing rebellion.

• Political and economic factors—such as the Manila Galleon trade—limited industrial and agricultural progress and stunted technological development.

The American Regime and Educational Reform

• The American era brought significant advancements in science and education through public schools, scholarships, and professional training.

• Establishment of the University of the Philippines and other technical schools focused on cultivating a skilled workforce.

• Expansion of educational access contrasted with colonial practices; however, the appeal for prestigious professions often overshadowed practical fields like agriculture and engineering.

Post-Independence Developments

• Despite continuity in educational patterns from the American regime, the agricultural economy remained dominant, affecting science and technology growth.

• Increase in private institutions followed, attracting students towards profitable fields rather than science and technology education.

• Professional organizations have advocated for improved educational standards and curricula relevant to local needs, though little substantial change occurred since independence.

Conclusion

• The evolution of science and technology in the Philippines reflects the lingering impact of historical colonial legacies, focusing on agriculture over industrialization.

• The development of scientists and engineers has not translated into local opportunities, causing 'brain drain' as professionals seek better prospects abroad.

• Urgent need for the government to reassess education, research, and economic policy interrelations to build a self-reliant economy.