Leadership

Pope and religious hierarchy

King and religious hiearchy

Luther

Ministerial government divinely ordained

Sacraments

Seven

Communion, Baptism

Communion, Baptism

Communion, Baptism

Clergy

Priests. Only clergy may interpret scripture

Married priests

Ministers and priesthood of all believers

Ministers, elders, deacons, congregants

How is salvation achieved?

Faith and works

Faith and works

Faith: When one is justified, one is forgiven; therefore, one can repent fully and do good works

Faith: Good works may or may not be evidence of justification, but wealth is

Role of state

The Pope is the Catholic leader of sovereigns

The sovereign controls the church

Religious choices are up to the individual, who owes obedience to the lawful ruler

Religious organization dominates the state, and in fact is the state, for example, Geneva

Where

Italy, parts of Germany, Ireland, Poland, France, Spain

England

Parts of Germany, Sweden, Norway, Denmark

Holland, France, and Geneva, Switzerland

Eucharist

Transubstantiation

Consubstantiation

Eucharist is just a symbol, not a divine action

Other

Indulgences, purgatory, and abuses; simony, nepotism, pluralism, absenteeis,

Predestination, “Protestant ethnic and the spirit of capitalism'“ - 19th century historian Max Weber “The Elect”