Definition: Ethnicity refers to specific attributes and societal institutions that distinguish one group of people from another culturally.
Ascription: The process of assigning particular qualities at birth, which one does not choose.
Each ethnic group comprises unique institutions that embody norms and standards of behavior.
Ethnic Diversity: Most countries today are not ethnically homogenous; they can consist of multiple ethnicities.
Ethnicity as a Social Identity: It is primarily social as opposed to political but can influence various political attitudes.
Religious Divisions: Religion can act as an ethnic division.
For identity recognition, it exists when people are acknowledged by themselves or others as distinct group members.
Complexity of Race: Race, as a concept, varies; for example,
In South Africa, race indicates social standing.
In Brazil, approximately 80% of people have African ancestry, yet it claims to be a racial democracy, lacking race-based movements.
Identities are influenced by the specific political, cultural, and economic contexts of societies.
Nation: A group wanting governance through an independent state.
National Identity: A sense of belonging to a specific nation with belief in its political aspirations; can stem from ethnic identity but is not mandatory.
Nationalism: Pride in one’s people, belief in a unique political destiny; varies in intensity.
Examples: Quebec French in Canada as their ethnic group, the USA, Australia, and Ukraine as nations without a single ethnic group.
Nationalism can help unify civilizations and foster strong community bonds.
Citizenship: Relationship between individuals and the state, involving allegiance, rights, and obligations such as military service and taxes, which vary distinctly across nations.
Patriotism: National pride, can exist independently of national identity.
Terminology evolved from ancient practices in Athens and the Roman Empire, re-emerging in 15th and 16th-century Europe with capitals influencing the homogenization of languages and cultures.
Ethnic Identity Growth: Closely related to modern state development; by the 1800s, national identity gained prominence.
Example: Napoleonic France used nationalism strategically.
Nation-State: A state that mainly embodies and represents one predominant nation.
Types of Conflicts:
Ethnic Conflict: Struggle for political/economic goals among different ethnic groups.
National Conflict: Aspiration for political independence leading to clashes.
Factors influencing conflict probabilities include ethnic homogeneity levels and resource struggles.
Political Attitudes: Concerned with the pace and methods of political change.
Radicals: Favor drastic change, potentially through violence.
Liberals: Prefer gradual change using existing institutions.
Conservatives: Wary of change; uphold the current system.
Reactionaries: Aim to restore previous political structures, possibly using violence.
Political Ideology: Core beliefs regarding politics concerning freedom and equality:
Liberalism: Endorses individual political/economic freedom, limited state involvement.
Communism: Advocates for shared wealth/property to eradicate oppression and necessity for political structures.
Social Democracy: Supports balancing economic freedom/equality with strong social safety nets.
Fascism: Prioritizes state power over individual freedoms; often associated with extreme nationalist movements.
Anarchism: Seeks the total elimination of the state to achieve equality and freedom.
Political identities can be significantly shaped by religious beliefs.
Fundamentalism: Advocates for religious laws and beliefs to be legally enforced, often as a response to perceived ideological failures.
Political Culture: Norms governing political activity, shaping dominant ideologies within a country, distinctive to particular groups.
Chapter 3: Nations and Societies
Definition: Ethnicity refers to specific attributes and societal institutions that distinguish one group of people from another culturally.
Ascription: The process of assigning particular qualities at birth, which one does not choose.
Each ethnic group comprises unique institutions that embody norms and standards of behavior.
Ethnic Diversity: Most countries today are not ethnically homogenous; they can consist of multiple ethnicities.
Ethnicity as a Social Identity: It is primarily social as opposed to political but can influence various political attitudes.
Religious Divisions: Religion can act as an ethnic division.
For identity recognition, it exists when people are acknowledged by themselves or others as distinct group members.
Complexity of Race: Race, as a concept, varies; for example,
In South Africa, race indicates social standing.
In Brazil, approximately 80% of people have African ancestry, yet it claims to be a racial democracy, lacking race-based movements.
Identities are influenced by the specific political, cultural, and economic contexts of societies.
Nation: A group wanting governance through an independent state.
National Identity: A sense of belonging to a specific nation with belief in its political aspirations; can stem from ethnic identity but is not mandatory.
Nationalism: Pride in one’s people, belief in a unique political destiny; varies in intensity.
Examples: Quebec French in Canada as their ethnic group, the USA, Australia, and Ukraine as nations without a single ethnic group.
Nationalism can help unify civilizations and foster strong community bonds.
Citizenship: Relationship between individuals and the state, involving allegiance, rights, and obligations such as military service and taxes, which vary distinctly across nations.
Patriotism: National pride, can exist independently of national identity.
Terminology evolved from ancient practices in Athens and the Roman Empire, re-emerging in 15th and 16th-century Europe with capitals influencing the homogenization of languages and cultures.
Ethnic Identity Growth: Closely related to modern state development; by the 1800s, national identity gained prominence.
Example: Napoleonic France used nationalism strategically.
Nation-State: A state that mainly embodies and represents one predominant nation.
Ethnic Conflict: Struggle for political/economic goals among different ethnic groups.
National Conflict: Aspiration for political independence leading to clashes.
Factors influencing conflict probabilities include ethnic homogeneity levels and resource struggles.
Political Attitudes: Concerned with the pace and methods of political change.
Radicals: Favor drastic change, potentially through violence.
Liberals: Prefer gradual change using existing institutions.
Conservatives: Wary of change; uphold the current system.
Reactionaries: Aim to restore previous political structures, possibly using violence.
Political Ideology: Core beliefs regarding politics concerning freedom and equality:
Liberalism: Endorses individual political/economic freedom, limited state involvement.
Communism: Advocates for shared wealth/property to eradicate oppression and necessity for political structures.
Social Democracy: Supports balancing economic freedom/equality with strong social safety nets.
Fascism: Prioritizes state power over individual freedoms; often associated with extreme nationalist movements.
Anarchism: Seeks the total elimination of the state to achieve equality and freedom.
Political identities can be significantly shaped by religious beliefs.
Fundamentalism: Advocates for religious laws and beliefs to be legally enforced, often as a response to perceived ideological failures.
Political Culture: Norms governing political activity, shaping dominant ideologies within a country, distinctive to particular groups.
[Introduction/Key Themes for Chapter 4 TBD]
[Main Points of Chapter 4 TBD]
[Conclusion or Summary Points for Chapter 4 TBD]
Note: Further details on Chapter 4 are yet to be provided, including specific themes and key points.