Reconstruction 1/5 | | Amendments and Loopholes: Dec 6, 1865: 13th amendment - abolish slavery (unless convicted of a crime) but sharecropping Jul 9, 1868 14th amendment - grant citizenship and promises “due process of law” Feb 3, 1870 15th amendment - right to vote to AA men - Literacy test Setback
Legacy Reconstruction: Occurring during the decade following the Civil War, Reconstruction saw the legal abolition of slavery, the establishment of equal protection under the law, and increased opportunities for Black men to vote and hold political office Jim Crow Laws were made to restrict and make it harder for African Americans to live in the south peacefully. - Increased African American Hate, Racism and Discrimination. Sharecropping was a new form of slavery and essentially trapped African Americans in a cycle of debt Radicals led efforts after the war to establish civil rights for former slaves and fully implement emancipation. After unsuccessful measures in 1866 resulted in violence against former slaves in the former rebel states, Radicals pushed the Fourteenth Amendment for statutory protections through Congress. They emphasized civil rights for all and pushed for change. This was important as it gave African Americans an ability to slowly stand up for their rights and be treated the same as white americans. |
Westward Expansion 1/5 | | Railroads: Push/Pull Factors of Settlement: Manifest Destiny: a belief that it was a god given right and necessity to expand west and expand their power, country, resources at all means necessary. an example of hope for a prosperous future making the country stronger and powerfuller economy
Dawes Act: a law that let the federal government divide Native American reservations into smaller pieces and give the land to individual Native Americans. The government wanted Native Americans to own land, become farmers and blend into white American society. made them buy back their own land tribes lost millions acres of land
Importance: The government stripped the native americans of their tribes and power to stand against and it overall made them weakened and violated. This was an example of assimilation and how it played a part into ruining the native americans of who they were. Assimilation/Boarding Schools: changing oneself to join another culture by force and removing one’s background In order to have native americans to assimilate to their culture children were often put into boarding schools where they essentially were tortured to remove their culture and become like civil americans.
Wounded Knee: Chinese Exclusion Act: |
Industrialization 1/6 | Gilded Age Laissez-Faire Trusts/Monopolies Federal Government/Strikes Captains of Industry vs. Robber Barons Corporation Philanthropy Bessemer Process (What is it, Why is it important?)
| Gilded Age: A thin layer of wealth covering the underside of poverty period dominated by political scandal and the "Robber Barons," the growth of railroads, the economization of oil and electricity, and the development of America's first giant national and international corporations
Laissez-Faire: Pros: Neg: The importance of it: the less the government is involved in the economy, the better off business, and society as a whole, will be. It allows for faster decision-making. Trusts/Monopolies: Monopoly: Complete control over a service/product within a given area Trust: Vertical integration: Horizontal integration: Importance: monopolies essentially give power to one person and they have almost complete control over an industry which could lead to disastrous effects. Federal Gov/Strikes: Strikes were a common way workers and citizens could express their rights and stand up for themselves. Most of the time it was quite ineffective due to companies hiring strikebreakers and the federal gov was on the side of the companies so strikers had to be a huge clan to make an impact. Strikes were also pretty dangerous due to the power governments had and the risk of losing your job was so high. The U.S. government adopted policies that supported industrial development such as providing land for the construction of railroads and maintaining high tariffs to protect American industry from foreign competition. Federal Government Policies’ refer to the government efforts to shape the economy by targeting specific industries, firms, or economic activities.
Captains of Industry vs. Robber Barons: Captain of Industry: were the rich business people who contributed to the wellbeing of the economy and country who went out of their way to help their country, especially the poor. Robber Barons: were the rich people who became rich but didn’t do anything for the community and took advantage of people’s lives. They were ruthless and cruel.
Example: John D Rockefeller vs Andrew Carnegie
Captains of Industry: Inventing, hard-working business leaders who positively transformed the American economy Increase productivity, expanded markets, provided jobs Praised for their skills and charity Robber Barons: Ruthless businessmen Would not stop at anything to achieve great wealth Exploited workers, ignored horrible working conditions, imposed unfair labor practices Corporation: Philanthropy: Issues: Horrible Living Conditions for Workers Poor Nutrition A Stressful, Unsatisfying Lifestyle Dangerous Workplaces Child Labor Discrimination Against Women Environmental Harm Bessemer’s Process: Allow for mass production of steel Lower price of steel Provide new building material Increase in industrial growth
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Immigration 1/7 | “New” vs. “Old” Immigrants (What is) Social Darwinism Nativism (What do nativists believe?)
| New vs Old Immigrants: Northern and western Europe during the old immigration Southern or Eastern Europe during the new immigration Larger numbers of immigrants during the new immigration Old immigrants were treated better because new immigrants were more diverse and poor
Social Darwinism: Nativism: Wants the country to only white Americans and europeans who were christian protestant and not any other types of people. Nativism has often been a political policy made into laws aimed at restricting the rights and freedoms of people who immigrate to America.
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Urbanization 1/8 | | Tenements: New Technology/ Buildings in the Cities: *Promoting scientific advancements and capital investment Jacob Riis: |
Imperialism 1/9 | Rationales for Imperialism Anti-Imperialism tenets Panama Canal/Two-Ocean Navy Roosevelt Foreign Policy Spanish-American War and factors leading up to it Open Door Policy Philippine-American War`
| Reasons for Imperialism: - It would help the economy and stabilize our country again from the depression. - For the United States to have control it must control the oceans and lands where they had control everywhere. - Philosophy of expanding the Navy meant more control and set the United States differently. We also needed a place to recharge so they conquered. Pros Expand Territories Gain New Markets Manifest Destiny Cons: Making Enemies Hypocritical Rejects the ideas of Democracy Immigrants will steal jobs Causes for America Expanding its Borders: Sensualist writing was yellow journaling. Monroe Document European Expansion need to compete (Social Darwinism) Expand the Navy so we can have power Manifest Destiny American Properties need to be protected.
Reasons Against Imperialism: Making enemies Hypocritical (we were once colonized) Reject ideas of Democracy Constitution must follow flag Nativism Immigrants will steal jobs Very expensive
Panama Canal/Two Ocean Navy: Teddy Roosevelt was passionate about this because connecting these two places would increase productivity and show the French who failed that they could do it and they wanted to have a strong navy and they needed a base. The complete successful build made him famous and his legacy still long lasts. The United State’s status increased, helping the United States economically, making billions for the country thanks to the tax put on the canal making each boat pay money. Technology advanced over the 10 years of progress.
Roosevelt Foreign Policy: Foreign Policies Goals: National security Peace and recure global environment Balance of power among nations Working with allies Democratic values and human rights Foreign trade and global involvement
Foreign Policies Spectrum: Isolationism - (loner) strict non involvement in affairs of other nations Collective security - (team player) working with other countries to maintain peace and influence world affairs Internationalism - (world policeman) intervening in other countries affairs to promote import national interests to safeguard national security Imperialism - (bully) extending power by acquired territory around the globe or exploiting weaker nations
Spanish-American War: Both America and Spain were heavily underprepared for the war. The United States in particular had eunthastic spirit but lacked military strength, navy, army understaffed under-equipped and undertrained. Spain was more underprepared Battle of Manila Bay The United States was more advanced than Spain who had a wooden boat compared to the United States who had a steel boat They both aimed to fight and take over the Philippines The United States won but the Philippines remained in Spanish control.
Invading Cuba Leonard Wood Rough Riders with two african american regiments went to the Santiago harbor General William Shafter African American soldiers were not offered true rights of citizenship and didn’t feel the need to fight but others felt it could stand up and prove for themselves. Cubans called the black American soldiers “Smoked Yankees”
Factors: Open Door Policy: It called for protection of equal privileges for all countries trading with China and for the support of Chinese territorial and administrative integrity. Philippine-American War: Spanish-American War and factors leading up to it: The Spanish-American War: All three countries were heavily underprepared for the war. The United States in particular had enthusiastic spirit but lacked military strength, navy, army understaffed, under-equipped and undertrained. Compared to the United States Spain was more underprepared than each other. Every Country needed a two ocean navy and it was truly between Spain and the United States and in the battle of Manila Bay the United States was more advanced than Spain who had a wooden boat compared to the United States who had a steel boat. They both aimed to fight and take over the Philippines and in the United States won but the Philippines remained in Spanish control. As the war progressed the United States’s personnel was 7 to 1 and the amount of soldiers sent to Cuba was low. Due to this the volunteers and soldiers were made up of cowboys, college students, convicts all together to form the Rough Riders and with two african american regiments they went to the Santiago harbor where they battled Spanish Forces(Spain) which ended up dying from american forces and cuba’s forces making Cuba independent. Rough Riders: was made up of local volunteers such as cowboys, college students, convicts and revolters and was commanded by Leonard Wood, this group was formed by the United States to help them fight off Spain Most of these soldiers were black and they had been through many wars strengthening the power of Cuba, the United States’s forces. African American soldiers were not offered true rights of citizenship and didn’t feel the need to fight but others felt it could stand up and prove for themselves. Cubans were called the Smoked Yankees, another group who fought too, who fought with the Rough Riders who helped significantly fight off. People had mixed feelings about the result as some people thought the treatment of Cubans and Puerto Ricans was not worth the fight while others thought the recognition was worth it.
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Progressivism 1/10 | Why did the Progressive movement happen? Booker T Washington/WEB Dubois/Ida B Wells Who are the Muckrakers? Triangle Shirtwaist Factory What is the Temperance movement? Seventeenth/Eighteenth/Nineteenth Amendment
| The progressive movement happened for workers to stand uo for their rights and to change current problems An Era to reform and change the country for better, especially for women and minorities Ida B Wells wrote articles about how lynching was a crime and how it was prejudice against African Americans with having no basis at all, simply out of racisim. Her work spurred mix reactions but she never achieved lynching laws due to her being a black women. Her work still remains as a key important part removing prejudices against African Americans. Booker T Washington was an educator and a philanthropist he built a school for black people to be educated so they can stand up for their rights and unite the black community for a social reform “ social change could be accomplished only through agitation and protest” - T Washington Belief WEB Dubois was the first black person to receive a PHD from Havard and he became an activist to spark change for african americans especially in education. He believed that if African Americans received proper and equal education it would spark black uprise for social change. Muckrakers were people finding and uncovering the corruption in politics and the country itself to erupt conflict and reform. Upton Sinclair was a journalist who was pro-muckraking and uncovered several issues like meat and food quality and drugs. Alice Paul was a striker and stood up for up women’s rights and openly criticzed the president and antis and she never gave up for better reform and even starved herself while in jail to avoid eating but the government treatment of women and prisoners were hell and she was force fed in order from dying. Ida Tarbell found corruption in Rockefeller’s Oil company and his treatment of the workers and the conditions were dangerous. Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire was a lack of fire regulations and building regulations which caused the deaths of many and the fire department was understaffed, there was no escape and people jumped out of windows in chance of survival from the fire and it all started off with a cigarette. Due to this incident regulations and expectations have been increased especially for working conditions. Elevators barely worked and were dangerous and the stairs were impossible to open in time. Temperance movement was a ban on alcohol and it satisfied progressive groups who went against it due to its beliefs for domestic home issues like abuse. It caused a higher amount of crime, deaths, and homicides. 17th Amendment: allowing voters to cast direct votes for U.S. senators 18th Amendment: prohibiting “the manufacture, sale or transportation of intoxicating liquors,” 19th Amendment: The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex.
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World War I 1/9 | Zimmerman Note German U-Boats Schenck vs. US Trench Warfare (Location, Conditions, etc.) Committee on Public Information Wartime Propaganda Tools and Objectives World War I Weapons World War I Stalemate Fourteen Points Treaty of Versailles League of Nations Liberty Loans
| Zimmermann telegram proposed German-Mexican alliance against the U.S. Germany did this on purpose to weaken the United States and to get Mexico to declare war on them so then the US couldn’t help the Alliance properly and the Alliance would weaken and so Germany would win. German U-Boats were German submarines that broke international law, attacked ships without warning. Schenck vs. The US declared that the Supreme Court upheld laws restricting speech during war in order to keep the country together and silence people that could cause major issues in the country. It was necessary to silence these people because then it made it seem for the other countries that the United States was on one opinion and that there was no loose differing thought that the other countries could use to take advantage of. Trench Warfare were essentially underground places where soldiers would stay underground and come up to fight back and they represented the first force and not much action happened and for a lot of deaths to get one trench was not worth it. The conditions were terrible, diseases spread a lot and people often died and there was no ventilation but rather squished soldiers. It was the most pointless form of battle. The Committee on Public Information was a big part of the propaganda methods in order to encourage soldiers to go to war and help the country suit for war. They wanted all Americans onboard in the war effort. World war weapons include submarines, poison gas, warplanes and tanks. Stalemate was a period in the Great War where neither the Allies nor the Central Powers could gain a decisive advantage over the other on the Western Front. This was especially due to trench warfare. Fourteen Points was the president's idea about trade equality, ending of secret treaties, and alliances, freedom of the seas, and the establishment of the League of Nations. It wanted democracy and equal trading. Treaty of Versailles was the formal ending of WW1 and it was the Alliance decision to get reparations from the other countries especially Germany and it included some of the 14 points but majority it was revenge motives which ruined the motives to not have another world war. League of Nations were the nations who decided to become a team and help each other out and prevent war through collective security, settling disputes between countries through negotiation and diplomacy, and improving global welfare. Liberty Loans were authorizations from Congress to sell U.S. bonds, or Liberty bonds, to help finance World War I. Bonds= promising loans with interest
Common Objectives of Wartime Propaganda: 1. Recruitment of soldiers, either through a draft or voluntary enlistment 2. Financing the war effort through the sale of war bonds-loans from citizens to the government-or new taxes 3. Eliminating dissent and unifying the country behind the war effort 4. Conservation of resources-such as food, oil, and steel-necessary to wage war 5. Participation in home-front organizations to support the war effort
Common Tools Used in Wartime Propaganda: Demonization: This tool involves portraying the enemy as purely evil, menacing, murderous, and aggressive. The propagandist attempts to remove all confusion and ambiguity about whom the public should hate. The enemy may be portrayed as a hairy beast or the devil himself. This tool becomes more powerful when the enemy can be blamed for committing atrocities against women, children, or other noncombatants. Emotional Appeals This tool involves playing on people's emotions to promote the war effort. Since the strongest emotion is often fear, propagandists create their work based on the premise that the more frightened a person is by a communication, the more likely he or she is to take action. Thus, propagandists are careful to explain in detail the action that they want the consumer of the propaganda to carry out.
Name Calling: This tool involves using loaded labels to encourage hatred of the enemy. Labels like"Commies," "Japs," and "Huns" reinforce negative stereotypes and assist propagandists in demonizing the enemy.
Patriotic Appeals This tool involves using patriotic language or symbols to appeal to people's national pride. Half-Truths or Lies: This tool involves deception or twisting the truth. The propagandist may attempt to include some element of truth in the propaganda to make an argument more persuasive. For example, blaming the enemy for complete responsibility for the war and portraying one's own country as a victim of aggression is a common propaganda tool.
Catchy Slogans: This tool involves using memorable phrases to foster support for the war effort. For example, short phrases like "Remember the Maine!" and "Remember the Alamo!" have been very successful in motivating Americans to strongly support the use of arms against Spain and Mexico, respectively.
Evocative Visual Symbols: This tool involves using symbols that appeal to people's emotions-like flags, statues, mothers and children, and enemy uniforms-to promote the war effort.
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Post WWI/1920s 1/10 | Post-War Economic Downturn Red Scare Great Migration Sacco and Vanzetti Case Jazz Prohibition (Definition, Reasons for repeal Speakeasies Assembly Line/Mass Production Harlem Renaissance Consumer Society/Credit Scopes Trial Flappers “Roaring Twenties”
| After World War I, African Americans were still being treated unfairly. Many ended up moving to cities, like Harlem. Many new arrivals found jobs in factories, slaughterhouses and foundries, where working conditions were arduous and sometimes dangerous. Female migrants had a harder time finding work, spurring heated competition for domestic labor positions. Aside from competition for employment, there was also competition for living space in increasingly crowded cities. While segregation was not legalized in the North (as it was in the South), racism and prejudice were nonetheless widespread. This new collectiveness from the great migration spurred a new conscience of thinking, ideas and it triggered many to feel proud of their culture. To a point they started to write literature, poetry, music, and plays that showed their point of view. They even began political movements to fight for their rights. The economy was running badly and needed the country to focus on itself and produce money and resources after WW1. The first Red Scare occurred in the wake of World War I. In the United States, labor strikes were on the rise, and the press sensationalized them as being caused by immigrants bent on bringing down the American way of life. The Sedition Act of 1918 targeted people who criticized the government, monitoring radicals and labor union leaders with the threat of deportation. The fear turned to violence with the 1919 anarchist bombings, a series of bombs targeting law enforcement and government officials. Bombs went off in a wide number of cities including Boston, Cleveland, Philadelphia, D.C., and New York City. The first Red Scare climaxed in 1919 and 1920, when United States Attorney General Alexander Mitchell Palmer ordered the Palmer raids, a series of violent law-enforcement raids targeting leftist radicals and anarchists. They kicked off a period of unrest that became known as the “Red Summer.” Harlem Renaissance: After World War I, African Americans were still being treated unfairly. Many ended up moving to cities, like Harlem. There, they shared ideas and began to feel proud of their culture. They wrote literature, poetry, music, and plays that showed their point of view. They even began political movements to fight for their rights. The Sacco and Vanzetti Trial was two immigrants accused of murdering two store clerks. The trial of Nicole Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti highlighted nativism at its peak as they were executed even though they were innocent and this led to the Industrial Workers of the World for a 3 day walkout leading to the Great Colorado Coal Strike of 1927. Immigration was halted to preserve the ideal of American homogeneity leading to the Emergency Immigration Act of 1921. Jazz represented a symbol of freedom in the form of lyrical prose and musical expression during the tough discrimination and racism and overall it was a form of expression and emotion which quickly spread all over the country which affected films and many more industries. When Prohibition was put into action it came along with problems such as gangsters, bootleggers, dope sellers, racketeers and as this continues it is leading to the Great Depression. Since Prohibition was supposed to be a good thing it's only causing problems and benefits for criminals. The problems that came with Prohibition was so high that the general public was worried the country would hit an all time low and due to this they abolished Prohibition. Put in to stop crime but did the opposite.Prohibition was repealed as the amount of crime and deaths caused such an impact to the people that it was necessary as it made it so much worse than expected. Speakeasies were people who illegally sold alcohol going against prohibition which increased crime and these people worked with people like Al Capone. Assembly Line/Mass Production helped people to speed up making things and jobs increased and overall the cost became more affordable which helped many people. For example, The automobile benefitted from the Jazz Age as they were able to make mass production of cars and the company who was able to benefit from this was Henry Ford’s Model T Ford, which helped average Americans get to places faster for a cheaper price which was more affordable than other car companies as his price was 300$ only. Due to this price by 1929 there were over 23 million automobiles on American roads. The Great Migration was African Americans going up north for:
North wasn't the dream paradise as people expected it to be Jobs, Opportunities, Society 6 Million African Americans flooding to the north to take advantage of the opportunities Consumer Society was essentially consumers buying a lot of stuff and going out to the movies and spending money like the classic american dream and this was done due to credit and loans were the biggest way they were able to buy things. “Scopes isn’t on trial, civilization is on trial. No man’s belief will be safe if they win,” struck a chord in society which in the end made Bryan win. The result was that those who approved of the teaching of evolution saw Bryan as foolish, whereas many rural Americans considered the cross-examination an attack on the Bible and their faith. Women became more rebellious and wanted to enjoy what they got and overall emphasized their rights, and went against traditional norms. Although there was a variety of diverse women with different types and opinions, some might be flappers and gibsons but they can be something else too. 1920's were a time of great social change characterized by apparent prosperity, new ideas, and personal freedom. Known as the "roaring twenties" America was reacting to the depression of the World War. It was like a giant party. New technology, new ideas and great change. Women became involved in politics because they could now vote. Music, radio, sports, and dance were all new and kept everyone busy. Yet under the surface the same conservative values still flourished. There was a rise in conservative beliefs, including racism. The economic boom of the era was short-lived, but most of the social changes were lasting.
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Great Depression 1/11 | Stock Market Crash Bank Runs/Failures Multiplier/Monetary Base Liquidity/Cash Reserves Federal Reserve Role Primary Causes of Great Depression/Unintended Consequences Explanation Herbert Hoover/Republican Response to Great Depression Dust Bowl Definition Dust Bowl Causes (Check in-class documents Bonus Army Women in the Great Depression African-Americans in the Great Depression Farmers during the Great Depression
| 90% of banks had investments in the stock market and since they were only allowed to keep a small amount of money in the bank when the market crashed there was only so much money to give out and as soon as the banks lost its assets it closed down causing everyone unable to access their bank accounts and scramble for their savings. Panic played a huge role in the causes for the crash as the blind belief of continuous prosperity of the 1920s were in people’s minds once people started to realize that they might not ever see their money again and the prosperous past would go away it caused people to rush to banks who barely had enough of money in the beginning. Monetary Base: control the amount of money physical and Monetary Base and Money Supply are directly related due to the fact of physical cash. There was a lack of liquidity which caused the bank unable to give out enough money to all the people and the cash reserves were essentially empty due to the fact the FED didn’t put enough money to handle the scope of the situation. Federal Job is to maintain a healthy money situation Federal Reserve Role: it has the power of controlling the amount of money and how it’s applied through things of interest rates Due to the fact of the Federal not seeing the warning signs it only got worse. Due to the fact of people hoarding their money and the Fed which caused the chain of money throughout the economy to shrink and the Fed neglected this as they didn't realize the country was in a mid recession. If they hadn't neglected this then the amount of physical cash in banks would have been higher potentially reducing the recession and the lack of faith was also pretty high after the stock market crash. Stock Market Crash was one warning sign No incoming buyers was one warning sign Hoarding was a warning sign “Hoover believed that government aid would stifle initiative and create dependency where individual effort was needed. Past governments never resorted to such schemes and the economy managed to rebound. Clearly Hoover and his advisors failed to grasp the scope of the Great Depression.” Farmers faced through so much with no money in the 1920’s and now with soil that isn’t suitable for farming anymore that has faced deep integral issues, and over time the prices only started to drop, cutting farmers' ability to revive themselves and survive. With a drought in place it only exacerbates the problem and dust storms came ruining the agricultural land making it even worse- “Even more quickly than it had boomed, the land of agricultural opportunity went bust, due to widespread overproduction and overuse of the land, as well as to the harsh weather conditions that followed, resulting in the creation of the Dust Bowl.” Dust bowl was a drought-affected south central United States in the aftermath of horrific dust storms. The main reason for the dust bowl is the years of abuse to land and harsh practices which in the end caused the dust bowl to come. Capitalism was a huge issue due to the fact of supply and demand of resources. Also Manifest Destiny was a big part of it. With the low amount of money receiving for farmers they were focused on their survival rather than the soil's health The Bonus Army was the people who served in WW1 and they wanted early payment of the bonus certificates they had received after the war as extra compensation for their military service. Women faced discrimination and putbacks by men and employers due to their beliefs of men being superior and tried kicking women out of their places in employment firms but despite this they pushed through and 3 million women were hired during the depression as maids, housekeepers or jobs they received in the 1920s. Laws were also inplace to hate on married women and especially ones who wanted to work but they pushed through and ended working in the workforces. White women found this success whereas black women and other minorities faced harder challenges to achieve the same and not many found success. Farmers faced the most brutal out of them all as the debts from the 1920s of machinery couldn’t be paid and they could barely piece together their lives and many shut down out of bankruptcy and farmers ended up having the longest depression including the 1920s. In the cities african americans had to give up their entire life and any possible jobs and racial violence increased with lynching increasing rapidly, to put this in emphasis ½ of african americans were unemployed. federal reserve didn't want to put more money into circulation because they were scared it would cause inflation, but they didn't intend that to actually cause a depression instead The Great Depression was an Unintended Consequence because the Fed did not expect that their actions of printing less money would cause a panic in the people. This panic led to the bank run where everyone wanted to withdraw all their money, however, since the banks did not have sufficient money reserves to give back to everyone, the people lost their trust, eventually causing the Great Depression.
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New Deal 1/12 | | The goals were creating jobs through programs, laws, and deals in order to pull the country out of it Civilian Conservation Corps: 1933-1942 had Employed young men to work in rural areas Agricultural Adjustment Administration: 1933-1935 was a Farm program designed to raise prices by curtailing production Social Security Act: 1935-Today aimed to aid to retirees, disabled, and unemployed National Industry Recovery Act (NIRA): programs that helped farmers “It was designed to boost prices to a level that would alleviate rural poverty and restore profitability to American agriculture. These price increases would be achieved by encouraging farmers to limit production in order to increase demand while receiving cash payments in return.” Works Progress Administration: 1935-1943 was a bunch of job program (including artists and youth) Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation: which insured personal bank deposits up to $2,500.” Federal Housing Administration: insured banks, mortgage companies, and other lenders, thereby encouraging the construction of new homes and the repair of existing structures.
Criticisms of the New Deal: “ New Deal did receive significant criticism, both from conservatives who felt that it was a radical agenda to ruin the country’s model of free enterprise, and from liberals who felt that it did not provide enough help to those who needed it most” - Loophole and Biggest Issue in the First New Deal Roosevelt’s attempts to fix the country through his ways like programs gave him much power and it kinda turned out to be dictatorial and the government and the public was angry as it went against the key principles of democracy. Many parts of the government found the new deal to be unconstitutional and certain groups to help the country like the NRA and the AAA who seemed to have too much power shutting down many parts of Roosevelt’s plan as in the end he was powerless with hate coming from Congress and the Supreme Court. Roosevelt used "fireside chats” to communicate with the public directly through the radio. By doing this he reestablished the confidence and trust in the public. “Consumer confidence returned, and within weeks, close to $1 billion in cash and gold had been brought out from under mattresses and hidden bookshelves, and re-deposited in the nation’s banks. “ “The New Deal not only established minimum standards for wages, working conditions, and overall welfare, it also allowed millions of Americans to hold onto their homes, farms, and savings. It laid the groundwork for an agenda of expanded federal government influence over the economy” - Pro’s of the New Deal “ the job stability that union contracts provided, and federal housing mortgage programs introduced in the New Deal. The environment of the American West in particular, benefited from New Deal projects such as the Soil Conservation program.” - Pro’s of the New Deal “unemployment still hovered around 15 percent in 1940” “destruction of the individualist spirit” “grave environmental consequences” - Biggest Failures of the New Deal
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