Path Day 3 Vocab Answered

Page 1: Hand Injury and Initial Response

• Anatomic Barriers

  • Serve as the first line of defense against injury and infection.

  • Examples include skin and mucous membranes.

• Collagen

  • A structural protein that provides strength and support in connective tissues.

  • Essential for wound healing processes.

• Platelets / Thrombocytes

  • Cell fragments involved in blood clotting.

  • Aggregate at injury sites to initiate hemostasis.

• Fibrin

  • A protein that forms a mesh to stabilize blood clots.

  • Generated from fibrinogen during coagulation.

• Coagulation

  • The process by which blood changes from a liquid to a gel to prevent bleeding.

• Hageman Factor and Plasma Factors

  • Hageman factor initiates the intrinsic pathway of coagulation.

  • Interacts with various plasma proteins.

• Erythrocytes

  • Red blood cells responsible for transporting oxygen.

• Erythropoietin

  • A hormone produced by the kidneys that stimulates red blood cell production.

• Bone Marrow

  • Primary site of blood cell production, including erythrocytes and leukocytes.

• Leukocytes

  • White blood cells crucial for immune response.

• Basophils and Mast Cells

  • Types of leukocytes involved in allergic responses.

  • Release histamine and other mediators.

• Histamine

  • A compound that increases blood flow to tissues and plays a key role in inflammation.

• Inflammation

  • A protective response to tissue injury characterized by redness, heat, swelling, and pain.

  • Aimed at removing harmful stimuli and initiating healing.

• Edema

  • Accumulation of fluid in tissues, often associated with inflammation.

• Antigen

  • Any substance that triggers an immune response.

  • Can be foreign or self.

• Cytokines

  • Signaling proteins that mediate and regulate immune responses.

• Chemotaxis

  • The movement of immune cells towards the site of infection or inflammation in response to chemical signals.

• Margination

  • The process where leukocytes adhere to the blood vessel walls during inflammation.

• Neutrophils (PMNs)

  • A type of white blood cell that is the first responder to infection.

• Monocytes and Macrophages

  • Monocytes are transiently in the bloodstream; they develop into macrophages once they enter tissues.

  • Macrophages are key for phagocytosis and orchestrating immune responses.

• Phagocytosis

  • The process by which cells (like macrophages) engulf and digest pathogens and debris.

• Lymph

  • A clear fluid that circulates through the lymphatic system, containing lymphocytes and serving as a conduit for immune responses.

Page 2: Immune Response and Fever

• Bacteria

  • Microorganisms that can cause disease; often triggers immune responses.

• Native/Innate Immunity

  • The body's first line of defense, providing immediate but non-specific protection.

• Pyrogens

  • Substances that induce fever, often as part of the immune response.

• Leukocytosis

  • An increase in white blood cells, often indicating infection or inflammation.

• Interleukin 1 and 2

  • Cytokines important for regulating immune responses and inflammation.

• Bradykinin

  • A peptide that causes blood vessels to dilate and induces pain, playing a role in inflammation.

• Acquired/Adaptive Immunity

  • The immune response that is specific to the pathogen encountered.

  • Develops over time and involves memory cells.

• Lymphocytes: B – Cells (Plasma Cells)

  • Produce antibodies specific to antigens; essential for humoral immunity.

• Thymus Gland

  • Site of T-cell maturation, critical for developing cell-mediated immunity.

• Spleen

  • Organ involved in filtering blood and initiating immune responses.

• Humoral Immune Response

  • The aspect of immunity that involves the production of antibodies by B cells.

• Antibodies (Immunoglobulin)

  • Proteins produced by B cells that bind to specific antigens, marking them for destruction.

• IgG

  • The most common type of antibody; plays a critical role in the immune response.

• Opsonization and Precipitation

  • Opsonization enhances phagocytosis by marking pathogens.

  • Precipitation involves antibodies clustering soluble antigens, facilitating elimination.

• Cell-Mediated Immune Response

  • Involves T cells that directly attack infected cells and facilitate immune responses.

• Lymphocytes: T-cells

  • Key players in the cell-mediated immune response, involved in recognizing and responding to infected cells.

• Leukopenia

  • A decrease in white blood cells, which can indicate various conditions including infections or immune deficiencies.

• SIRS (Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome)

  • A systemic inflammatory response that can be triggered by infection or injury.

• Sepsis

  • A life-threatening condition resulting from a systemic inflammatory response to infection.

• Catecholamines

  • Hormones (like adrenaline) released during stress, influencing immune response.

• ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone)

  • Regulates water balance and can affect vascular responses during inflammation.

• Adrenal Glands

  • Endocrine glands that produce hormones such as cortisol involved in stress responses.

• Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation

  • A serious condition involving abnormal blood clotting throughout the small blood vessels.

Page 3: Allergy and Immune Responses

• Angioedema

  • Swelling caused by the accumulation of fluid in the tissues, often related to allergies.

• Allergy

  • An inappropriate immune response to typically harmless substances.

• Allergen

  • Any substance that triggers an allergic reaction.

• Hypersensitivity

  • An exaggerated immune response to a foreign substance.

  • Four types classified by mechanism and timing of response.

• Leukotrienes: LTB4 and CysLTs

  • Molecules involved in inflammation and allergic responses; potent mediators.

• Prostaglandins

  • Lipid compounds that perform various roles, including mediating inflammation and pain.

• IgE Antibodies

  • Antibodies associated with allergic reactions; trigger mast cells to release histamine.

• Amnestic Immune Response

  • A rapid and stronger immune response upon re-exposure to a previously encountered antigen.

• Hypersensitivity Types

  1. Type 1 (Immediate): Allergic reactions mediated by IgE and mast cell degranulation.

  2. Type 2 (Cytotoxic): Involves IgG/IgM binding to cell surface antigens, leading to damage.

  3. Type 3 (Immune Complex): Formation of antigen-antibody complexes that trigger inflammation.

  4. Type 4 (Delayed): T-cell mediated responses resulting in delayed effects.

• Autoimmunity

  • A condition where the immune system attacks the body's own tissues, leading to various diseases.

• Isoimmunity

  • An immune response against tissues from another individual (e.g., in transplants).

• Immunodeficiency

  • A state where the immune system's function is compromised, leading to increased susceptibility to infections.

• AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome)

  • A disease caused by HIV that severely weakens the immune system.