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IV. PSYCHOLOGY

Psychology is the scientific study of the mind and behavior, analyzing emotions, cognition, development, and mental health.

Key Focus Areas:

1. Biopsychology – Relationship between biology and behavior (brain functions, genetics).

2. Developmental Psychology – Human growth and life stages.

3. Cognitive Psychology – Memory, perception, problem-solving.

4. Social Psychology – Influence of social interactions on behavior.

5. Industrial-Organizational Psychology – Workplace behavior and performance.

6. Educational Psychology – Learning processes and teaching strategies.

7. Forensic Psychology – Intersection of psychology and law.

8. Personality Psychology – Individual traits and behavior patterns.

9. Cultural Psychology – Influence of culture on thoughts and emotions.
10. Environmental Psychology – Human interaction with the physical environment.

Applications of Psychology:

-Helps in mental health diagnosis and treatment.

-Improves workplace productivity and employee well-being.

-Assists in legal cases through forensic psychology.
-Enhances learning and education methods.

V. DEMOGRAPHY

Demography is the statistical study of human populations, focusing on size, composition, distribution, and population changes due to births, deaths, and migration.

key Focus Areas:

1. Population Size & Growth – Examines population trends and their impact.

2. Population Composition – Studies age, sex, education, occupation, ethnicity.

3. Population Distribution – Urban vs. rural populations, migration trends.

4. Fertility – Birth rates and reproductive behavior.

5. Mortality – Death rates and factors influencing life expectancy.

6. Migration – Movement of people between regions and countries.

7. Aging & Life Course – Study of aging populations and societal changes.

8. Population Policies – Government policies on population control and growth.

Relevance of Demography:

-Aids in policy-making for healthcare, housing, and education.

-Helps businesses understand consumer demographics.

-Assists governments in planning economic and social programs.

VI. ANTHROPOLOGY

Anthropology is the study of human societies, cultures, and development over time.

Key Subfields:

1. Cultural Anthropology – Studies traditions, languages, and societal functions.

2. Archaeology – Examines past societies through artifacts.

3. Biological Anthropology – Focuses on human evolution and genetics.

4. Linguistic Anthropology – Studies the role of language in culture.

Applications of Anthropology:

-Helps preserve cultural heritage.

-Informs policies on human rights and diversity.

-Assists in understanding human adaptation and development.

VII. ECONOMICS

Economics is the study of production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services, analyzing financial decision-making by individuals, businesses, and governments.

Key Focus Areas:

1. Supply & Demand – Determines pricing based on availability and desire for products.

2. Market Structures:

Perfect Competition – Many sellers, identical products.

Monopolistic Competition – Many sellers, differentiated products.

Oligopoly – Few firms dominate, interdependent competition.

Monopoly – One seller, no competition

3. Macroeconomics vs. Microeconomics – Economy-wide trends vs. individual markets.

4. Political Economy – Influence of politics on economic policies.

Importance of Economics:

-Guides business strategies and government policies.
-Helps in managing resources efficiently.

-Analyzes market trends and financial planning.

VIII. GEOGRAPHY

Geography studies Earth’s physical features, human activities, and spatial relationships.

Key Focus Areas:

1. Physical Geography – Landforms, climate, ecosystems.

2. Human Geography – Urbanization, migration, cultural landscapes.

3. Geospatial Technology – GIS and mapping.

4. Environmental Geography – Human impact on nature.

IX. HISTORY

History is the study of past events, societies, and individuals to understand their influence on the present and future.

Key Focus Areas:

1. Political History – Evolution of governments and policies.

2. Social History – Lives of ordinary people and societal change.

3. Cultural History – Art, literature, and traditions.

4. Economic History – Economic developments over time.