Exam Notes

Minerals

• Minerals include phosphorus and calcium.
• Other minerals include sodium, chloride, potassium, magnesium, and sulfur.

Blood Sugar

• Low blood sugar requires simple sugars found in fruits.

Digestion

• Digestion occurs in the mouth, stomach, and small intestine.
• These components follow the order of the digestive tract from mouth to anus.
• There are three enzymes for carbohydrate digestion.
• Sugars are digested in the mouth.
• Proteins are digested in the stomach.
• Carbohydrates are digested in the small intestine.
• The segments of the small intestine in order are the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.

Regulation of pH Homeostasis

• Neutral pH is 7.
• pH homeostasis is regulated by the buffer system, respiration, and kidney function.

Aldosterone

• Aldosterone is salt-saving.
• It increases sodium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule.

ADH

• ADH facilitates the reabsorption of water in the collecting duct.

Kidneys

• Kidneys secrete hormones to produce red blood cells.
• This hormone is called erythropoietin (EPO).

Bile

• Bile is synthesized in the liver and stored in the gallbladder.

Nephron

• Within the nephron, the movement of material from the renal tubules back into the blood is reabsorption.

Anaerobic vs Aerobic

• Anaerobic processes start in the cytoplasm.
• Aerobic processes start in the mitochondria.

Folic Acid

• Folic acid-rich foods include leafy greens and liver.

Urine

• Polyuria = excessive urine
• Anuria = no urine
• Hematuria = blood in the urine
• Oliguria = decreased urine

Peristalsis

• Peristalsis moves food through the digestive tract.

Vasoconstriction

• Vasoconstriction happens when we are cold.
• The renin-angiotensin system causes vasoconstriction and reabsorption.