chapter 8: AMERICAN NATIONALISM!!!!!!!!!!!

1. What was the purpose of the Second Bank of the United States 1816? 

   To deal with the currency problem that arose after the expiration of the first BUS charter in 1811 by dominating state banks and compelling them to issue sound notes.  

    

2. What was the textile industry, where was it centered, and what happened to it between 1807 and 1815? 

   There was dramatic growth. In 1807 – 1815, the total number of cotton spindles increased x15, from 8,000 to 130,000. It was centered in New England. The new factories by Francis Cabot Lowell would spin and weave in a single roof.  

3. What happened to American industry after the War of 1812, and why was the protective tariff passed in 1816? 

   British ships wanted to get back into the market, so they imported a lot of manufactured goods into American ports at cheap prices. United States manufacturers said it was unfair and they needed time to grow so they could compete. Congress passed a protective tariff in 1816 that limited abroad competition, especially on cotton cloth. They did this because of their nationalist dream of creating an American industrial economy.  

4. What were “internal improvements” and what was the National Road and the Lancaster Pike? 

   Internal improvements were a transportation system so that manufacturers could access raw materials and domestic markets. The government helped finance them with a part of the money from their sale of public lands. The National Road was a highway from Potomac River to Ohio River, financed by the revenues from the Ohio land sales. The Lancaster Pike was financed by the state of Pennsylvania and was expanded westward to Pittsburgh.  

5. What impact did steamboats have on the economy? 

   Steamboats had began to move up and down the Mississippi to the Ohio River. They carried much more cargo than river transport ever had before, which stimulated the agricultural economy of the West and South. It gave them more access to markets for a lower cost. It also allowed eastern manufacturers to send their finished goods west.  

6. What was the internal improvements bill and why did Madison veto it? 

   He supported the bill's purpose, but believed that Congress didn't have the authority to fund improvements without an amendment in the constitution. This left state governments and private enterprise responsible for undertaking the task of building all the transportation.  

7. What were two of the primary reasons for westward expansion? 

   The nation's population continued growing both naturally and from immigration. (1800 – 1820 it almost doubled.) This means there were too many people in the east and the land was becoming exhausted. In the South, the plantation system and slave labor gave little options to new settlers. 

   The West was attractive. The War of 1812 pushed Natives further west and took more land from them as more forts were built by the government.   

8. What caused the growth and movement of people from the Old South to areas in the Southwest like Alabama and Mississippi? 

   Cotton was the main crop in the Southwest. In the Old South, the cotton lands weren't good anymore because of overplanting and erosion. Cotton's market still grew, so farmers moved to where there was fresh soil and a good climate for cotton.  

9. What four states were added to the Union after the War of 1812? 

   Indiana (1816), Mississippi (1817), Illinois (1818), Alabama (1819) 

10. What changed in the far western regions in 1821 and what was the major impact of this? 

    Mexico (who owned most of the Southwest and California) won its independence from Spain. The impact was that it then opened its northern territories to trade with the US, so traders then poured into the region and displaced Indian and Mexican traders.  

11. Who was John Jacob Astor? 

    His American Fur Company had established Astoria as a trading post, but he sold his interests to the Northwestern Fur Company (British) when the War of 1812 happened because he was imperiled. After the war he centered his operations at the Great Lakes and extended them westward to the Rockies.  

12. Who were the “mountain men”? 

    The fur trappers. They moved west from the Great Lakes and established themselves in (now) Utah and New Mexico.  

13. What was the relationship between white trappers/mountain men and Native Americans and Mexicans? 

    Fur traders started by purchasing from the Indians. As they entered the region, they began to hunt on their own. Many lived peacefully and successfully with Natives and Mexicans as they shared land. 2/3 of white trappers married Indian or Mexican women. However there were some bad relationships, like Jedediah S. Smith, a trapper who caused disastrous battles with tribes.  

14. What was Stephen Long’s expedition and what impact did it have? 

    He led 19 soldiers on a journey up the Platte and South Platte Rivers through (now) Nebraska and eastern Colorado and then returned alsong the Arkansas Rive (now Kansas). He wrote a report on his trip and an assessment of the region's potential for settlement, agreeing with Zebulon Pike's dismissive conclusions. Labelled Great Plains as the Great American Desert.  

15. What three things reflected a rising sense of nationalism after the War of 1812? 

    The expansion of the economy, the growth of white settlement and trade in the West, and the creation of new states  

16. What was the Virginia Dynasty? 

    The Virginia Dynasty was what the North called the series of presidents that were all from Virginia. Jefferson chose Madison to succeed him who then picked his secretary of state, Monroe, to succeed him.  

17. Who was James Monroe, what was the outcome of the election of 1816? 

    Monroe was a soldier in the revolution, a diplomat, and a cabinet officer who became president at 61 in the 1816 election.   

18. What was the purpose of Monroe’s cabinet selections and what was his goodwill tour? 

    He chose former Federalist John Quincy Adams as his secretary of state. He tried to include both northerners and southerners, easterners and westerners, Federalists and Republicans. This was because he was trying to realize the dream of American politicians. They wanted a time where there weren't party divisions and factional disputes.  

    The goodwill tour was his trip through the country, where he was greeted kindly and enthusiastically, even in areas that used to be federalist. This began the era of good feelings.  

19. What was the Seminole War and how did it result in the Adams-Onis Treaty? 

     The Seminole War was when Seminole Indians kept raiding American territories south of the Florida border. Calhoun (Secretary of War) told Jackson (in command of troops along Florida) to "adopt the necessary measures", so Jackson invaded Florida, seized Spanish forts, and hanged two British subjects (?).  

    Adams defended these actions and said it was necessary. Onis realized he didn't have a choice and came to terms with the US, resulting in the treaty which ceded all of Florida from Spain and gave it to the US.  

20. What was the Panic of 1819? 

    A serious economic crisis. After foreign demand for American farm goods was high, which made American farmers pay high prices, the high price for farm goods stimulated a land boom in the western US, which caused land prices to soar. Easy credit fueled the land boom. In 1819, the new people running the national bank tightened credit, called in loans, and foreclosed mortgages, which caused state banks to fail, which caused a financial panic that was blamed on the national bank. It caused a 6 year depression and made the bank controversial.  

1. What was the Talmadge Amendment? 

 A proposed amendment (by James Tallmadge Jr. Of NY) that would prohibit any more slavery in Missouri and start emancipating slaves already there. It was very controversial.  

2. What were the three elements/parts of the Missouri Compromise 1819-1820? 

1: maine is admitted as a free state 

2: missouri is admitted as a slave state 

3: slavery is prohibited in the rest of the Louisiana Purchase territory north of the southern boundary of Missouri, or the 36 30' line 

3. What were the three primary Constitutional achievements of John Marshall? 

He strengthened the judicial branch at the expense of the executive and legislative branches 

He increased the power of the federal government at the expense of the states 

He advanced the interests of the propertied and commercial classes 

4. What was Fletcher v. Peck? 

A case in which the Marshall Court defended the inviolability of contracts after a series of notorious land frauds in Georgia. Held that a land grant was a valid contract and couldn't be repealed.   

5. What was Dartmouth College v. Woodward? What was it a victory for? 

Republicans gained control of New Hampshire's government and tried to revise Dartmouth's charter to make it a state university. It was a victory for Dartmouth and placed important restrictions on state governments controlling corporations.  

6. What was the ruling in Cohens v. Virginia? 

The ruling upheld the constitutionality of federal review os state court decisions. It forced states to submit to federal jurisdiction.   

7. What was McCulloch v. Maryland? What was Maryland trying to do? What did this ruling say about the “necessary and proper” clause of Constitution and the idea of implied powers? 

McCulloch v Maryland was when the Bank of the US had become unpopular so Maryland tried to put a tax on it. The ruling was that Congress could charter a bank and that states cannot ban or tax it because to tax it would be to destroy it.   

8. What was the case of Gibbons v. Ogden? And who was strengthened by this ruling? 

New York State had granted Aaron Ogden the business of carrying passengers across the river between NY and NJ, then Gibbons started competing with him using a license granted from a Congress Act. It was ruled that Congress could give Gibbons a license and that was more important than NY giving Ogden a monopoly. It strengthened the federal gov/congress.  

9. What was Worcester v. Georgia? What did it say about federal power and what did it say about the tribes? 

It invalidated Georgia laws that tried to regulate access of citizens to the Cherokee land. It said federal gov was the only one with that power. It gave Indian nations a place in the political system, treating them as sovereign entities in the way that states are.  

10. What was happening in Latin America at this time, what was the “Monroe Doctrine”? 

The continent was revolting and the Spanish Empire was falling. The US recognized 5 new nations from the rebellious colonies. The Monroe Doctrine was a policy that the American continents are not to be colonized by any more European powers, or there would be consequences.   

11. What motivated the Monroe Doctrine? 

America's relations with Europe in the 1820s caused them to fear Spain and its allies, as they could try to retake the lost empire.  

12. What happened to the First Party System during the Era of Good Feelings? 

It was gone as the Federalist Party ceased to exist. The Republican Party was the only organized force.  

13. How had presidential candidates been chosen up to 1820? And what as “King Caucus”? 

They had been nominated by caucuses of the two parties in Congress. (this is called "king caucus") King Caucus was overthrown in the 1824 election as candidates received nominations from state legislatures and endorsements from irregular mass meetings through the country.  

14. Who was Henry Clay? 

He was Speaker of the House at the time and a candidate for president. He made the "American System," which proposed creating a great home market for factory and farm producers by raising the protective tariff, strengthening the national bank, and financing internal improvements.  

15. Who were the four candidates for president in 1824? Who won the popular vote? Who decided the election? And who became president? 

William H. Crawford, John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay, and Andrew Jackson. Jackson won the popular and electoral votes, but didn't have a majority over the other candidates. The house had to choose the president and picked John Quincy Adams.  

16. Why did the Jacksonians call the election of 1824 the “corrupt bargain”? 

They believed the large popular and electoral pluralities should've been enough to win the presidency. When Adams named Clay secretary of state they were even more mad, because he was basically naming him as his successor.   

17. What happened with internal improvements, the Panama mission, Georgia’s removal of the Indians? 

His internal improvements were blocked by Jacksonians in Congress, the south didn't like the idea of sending white Americans to the Panama meeting because there would be black people there, so they delayed the approval until the meeting was over, and Georgia had defied the president and removed the Indians.  

18. What was the “tariff of abominations”? 

The Adans administration supported a new tariff on imported goods in 1828. Massachusetts manufacturers complained the British were dumping textiles in the US market at low prices. To get middle and western states to agree to the tariff, other things had to be added. Raw materials now cost more because of the treaty, angering the original supporters in New England and the southerners, who gave it the name.