In-depth Notes on International Politics: Geographies of War and Peace

Transitional Justice Mechanisms: Aimed at addressing injustices to promote reconciliation and healing in post-conflict societies.
Peace as Individual Accountability: Focusing on holding individuals responsible for their actions during conflicts.
Peace as Victims' Rights: Emphasizes the right of victims to truth, justice, reparations, and guarantees of non-recurrence.
Concepts:
- Retributive Justice: Focused primarily on punishing perpetrators of crimes.
- Restorative Justice: Concentrates on healing for victims and society, advocating for dialogue and understanding.
Established through various means such as international treaties, UN Security Council resolutions, or multilateral agreements.
Can be domestically driven, allowing for adaptations based on local contexts.

Definition: Involves diplomatic actions to mediate ongoing conflicts and facilitate negotiations to achieve peace.
Can involve various actors such as envoys, governments, states, and organizations including the UN.
Includes unofficial entities or individuals acting independently to resolve conflicts.

Purpose: To stop or limit violence and maintain peace in regions affected by conflict.
Key Activities: Involves deploying international personnel to:
- Monitor ceasefires.
- Protect civilians.
- Support the implementation of peace agreements.
Functions as a neutral third party to help maintain peace on the ground.

Definition: Refers to long-term efforts aimed at addressing the underlying causes of conflicts and promoting sustainable peace and reconciliation.
Activities Included:
- Transitional justice mechanisms.
- Disarmament, Demobilization, Reintegration (DDR) programs.
- Post-war reconciliation initiatives.

Peacemaking:
Focus: Ending active conflicts.
Main Activities: Negotiation and mediation.
Examples:
- Oslo Accords (1993)
- Dayton Accords (1995)
- Kenya post-election mediation (2008)
Peacekeeping:
Focus: Maintaining peace on the ground.
Main Activities: Deploying neutral forces, monitoring ceasefires.
Examples:
- UNFICYP (Cyprus)
- MONUSCO (DRC)
- UNMISS (South Sudan)
Peacebuilding:
Focus: Sustaining long-term peace after conflict.
Main Activities: Rebuilding institutions and addressing root causes.
Examples:
- Gacaca Courts (Rwanda)
- DDR programs (Liberia)
- FARC reintegration (Colombia)