Eleven Systems of the Human Body: Integumentary:

Types:

Main roles:

Epidermis 

• Protects: covers surface and deeper tissues;

• Produces: Vit. D production

Dermis

“Feeds” the epidermis tissues, strength & glands

1. Hair follicles: 

Sensation from Innervation (nerves)

1a) Hairs: 

Protection of skin

2a)Sebaceous glands: 

Lubricates hair shaft and epidermis

2. Sweat glands (Breast tissue is modified sweat gland): 

Thermoregulation: Evaporative cooling

3. Nails (epidermis and dermis): 

Stiffen and protect digits

Hypodermis

• (Include in the Integumentary System)

  • Fat storage 

  • Attaches skin to deeper layers

Types:

Functions:

Skeletal muscles:

• Skeletal movement

• Control entrances and exits: digestive, respiratory and urinary systems

• Produce heat: shivering (Thermoregulation)

• Supports skeleton

• Protects soft tissues

1. Axial Muscles:

• Provides support and positioning of the axial skeleton

2. Appendicular Muscles

• Supports and moves limbs

Tendons and Aponeuroses

• Translate contractile forces into tasks (e.g. flexion, extension)

• Tendon – fibrous rope-like connections between muscle to bone

• Aponeuroses – sheet-like; most often muscle to muscle connection; also to bone

Parts

Functions

Bones

• Stores Minerals

Additional:

Bones, Joints, Cartilage, Ligaments (tissues that holds things)

• Cartilage: bone interfaces (blue)

• Types: hyaline (ribs, joints); fibro-(discs)

Axial Skeleton

(skull, vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx, sternum, supporting cartilages, ligaments) (Yellow)

• Protects brain and spinal cord, sense organs, and soft tissues of thorax

• Supports body weight over lower-limbs

Appendicular Skeleton

(Limb bones, supporting cartilages & ligaments) (Grey)

• Provides internal support and positioning of the external limbs; 

• supports and enables muscles to move the axial skeleton

Bone Marrow:

Two types

1.  Red

• Red blood cell production (flat bones (pelvis, sternum, skull, ribs; lose some of this with aging)).

2. Yellow

• Stores of fat cells (found medullary cavity of long bones; gain with aging yellow to red after major bleeding)

Parts;

Functions

Central Nervous System (CNS) (grey)

• Control center 

• Short term control over other systems

Brain Complex Integrative Activities

Controls voluntary and involuntary activities

Spinal Cord 

• Relays information to and from brain

• Performs less complex integrative activities (reflex arc)

Special Sences

(All except optic nerve can also be consider PNS)

Sensory input to brain relating to sight, hearing, smell and taste and equilibrium

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) (Yellow)

Links the CNS with other systems and sense organs

Parts

Functions

Pineal gland 

Day night rhythms (produces Melatonin)

Hypothalamus/Pituitary gland

• Control many other endocrine glands

• Regulates growth

• Fluid balance

Thyroid gland 

Metabolic rate (produces thyroxine)

Parathyroid gland 

Key hormones for calcium levels (Controls the Calcium levels)

Thymus

Maturation of lymphocytes

Adrenal glands 

• Water and mineral balance (e.g. aldosterone)

• Tissue metabolism (cortisol)

• Cardio. and Resp. function (adrenaline)

Kidneys (due to major hormone producing cells)*

• Red blood cell production

• Blood pressure up

• Calcium levels

Pancrea

Glucose control

Gonads 

Sexual characteristics and reproduction

Parts

Functions

Lymphatic vessels

• Contractile vessels. 

• Carry lymph fluid (water and protein) and lymphocytes from peripheral tissues to veins of CV system

Lymphatic fluid

• Lipids (fats and fatty acids) from gut; 

• Fluid from tissues

B cells and T cells

Cells that carry out immune responses

Lymph nodes (including tonsils)

• Monitor composition of lymph

• Defence: Engulf pathogens

• Stimulate immune response (e.g. lymphadenopathy)

Spleen

• Monitors circulation blood cells

• Engulfs pathogens

• Recycle red blood cells

• Produces immune responses 

• Like are large lymph node

Thymus

Controls development and maintenance of the T cell lymphocytes

Parts:

Functions

Heart

Propels blood and maintains blood pressure

Blood Vessels;

Conduits:

Arteries

From heart to capillaries

Capillaries:

Diffusion between blood and interstitial fluids

Veins

Return blood from capillaries to heart

Blood

• Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide

• Transport nutrients and hormones

• Remove waste

• Temperature regulation

• Defence against illness (immune cells)

• Acid base balance (-HCO3)

Parts

Functions

Nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses

• Filter and warm and humidify air and detect smells

Pharynx 

• Conducts air to larynx

Larynx 

• Protects opening to trachea

• Vocal cords for vocalisation

Trachea 

• Conducts air (Cartilage keeps it open)

Bronchi 

• Conducts air between trachea and lungs

Lungs 

• Air movement

• Gas exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in alveoli

• Acid base control

Diaphragm 

• Muscle for air movement

Parts

Functions:

Oral cavity

Breaks up food working with teeth and tongue

Salivary glands 

• Buffers and lubricant

• Enzymes that begin digestion

Pharynx

• Solid food and liquids to the oesophagus

• (Chamber shared with Respiratory system

Oesophagus 

• Deliver food to stomach

Stomach 

• Secretes acid

• Secretes Enzymes

• Secretes Hormones

Small intestine 

• Digestive enzymes

• Buffers and hormones

• Absorbs nutrients

Liver 

• Secretes (produce) bile

• Regulates nutrients in blood

Gallbladder 

• Concentrates bile

Pancreas 

• Digestive enzymes

• Buffers

• Endocrine cells

Large intestine and Anus

• Water removal

• Waste storage and removal

Parts:

Functions

Kidneys 

• Forms and concentrates urine

• Regulate pH and ions

• Blood volume & blood pressure

• Endocrine function

Ureters 

• Conducts urine to bladder

Bladder 

• Stores urine prior to elimination

Urethra 

• Conducts urine to exterior