Coastal Engineering:

• Addresses natural and human-made changes in coastal areas, which include processes like erosion, sediment transport, and flooding.

• Provides both structural protection, such as sea walls and groins, and non-structural protection, including beach nourishment and land use planning to mitigate coastal hazards.

• Beaches serve as natural defenses against erosion, absorbing wave energy and protecting inland areas; however, they can be negatively impacted by human coastal development, leading to increased vulnerability to storm surges and erosion.

Construction Engineering:

• Management and delivery of residential, commercial, and industrial construction projects, encompassing the entire lifecycle from inception to completion.

• Required to plan, supervise, and inspect construction activities, ensuring compliance with safety regulations and building codes.

• Involves collaboration with architects, engineers, and contractors to establish project timelines, budgets, and quality standards.

Earthquake Engineering:

• Analyzing the consequences of earthquakes on structures, including ground shaking, surface ruptures, and secondary effects like tsunamis.

• Design and construct structures to survive or to minimize damage from major seismic events, utilizing materials and techniques such as seismic bracing and base isolation.

• Includes risk assessment and retrofitting of existing buildings to enhance their earthquake resistance.

Environmental Engineering:

• Protecting human health and the environment from harmful effects due to pollution, including air, water, and soil contamination.

• Focuses on identifying, assessing, and mitigating environmental risks, including chemical and biological leakage into the environment caused by industrial activities.

• Engages in the design of systems and processes to treat waste and reduce emissions, ensuring compliance with environmental laws and standards.

Water Resource Engineering:

• Involves the management, protection, and preservation of water resources to ensure their sustainability and quality.

• Focuses on improving water quality for recreational, commercial, and industrial uses, including the treatment of drinking water and wastewater.

• Develops strategies for effective flood control, irrigation, and drainage to balance water supply and demand in various applications.

Structural Engineering:

• Ensuring buildings, bridges, and other structures do not fall down or collapse under various loads, including static, dynamic, and environmental forces.

• Focuses on the framework and stability of structures, ensuring they can withstand weight, earthquakes, winds, and other forces.

• A specialty within civil engineering that requires extensive knowledge of materials science, mechanics, and design principles.