BIO Units 6.4-6.6

1. Cell Respiration, Gas Exchange, Ventilation

Easy way to remember:

• Ventilation = moving air.

• Gas exchange = swapping gases.

• Cell respiration = making energy inside cells.

Diabetes

✨ Type 1 Diabetes

• Happens suddenly, often in kids or young people.

• Lifelong — they need to take insulin shots every day.

• The immune system attacks the pancreas (which makes insulin).

• Without insulin, sugar stays in the blood instead of going into cells.

Simple sentence to remember:
👉 "Type 1 = No insulin. Need insulin every day."

✨ Type 2 Diabetes

• Happens slowly, usually in adults (but kids can get it too now).

• At first, body still makes insulin, but cells don’t respond (called "insulin resistance").

• Blood sugar levels rise over time.

• Can be managed with diet, exercise, medicine, and sometimes insulin later.

Simple sentence to remember:
👉 "Type 2 = Insulin there, but body ignores it."

• Type 1 = No insulin = Need insulin.

• Type 2 = Bad insulin = Fix with healthy habits first.

2. If your client had type 2 diabetes, what would you recommend?

Main ideas:

• Healthier diet: Low sugar, high fiber foods.

• Exercise regularly: Helps cells use insulin better.

• Weight loss if needed: Even small weight loss helps a lot.

• Medicine: Sometimes needed to lower blood sugar.

• Monitor blood sugar: Keep track to avoid problems.

Easy way to remember:
🏋‍♂️ Eat better + Move more + Maybe medicine + Watch sugars

Can you prevent diabetes?

• Type 1 = Not preventable. (It just happens — like an accident.)

• Type 2 = Often preventable. (Good habits can protect you.)

How to lower the risk of Type 2 Diabetes:

• Eat healthy foods (less sugar and junk, more veggies and fiber 🍎🥦).

• Stay active (move your body 🚶‍♀🏀).

• Maintain a healthy weight.

• Don’t smoke.

• Manage stress.

3. How does neurotransmission work?

Easy way to remember:
⚡️ Electric message → ✉ Release chemicals → 🌉 Cross gap → 🔑 Start next message

Menstrual cycle

4. Progesterone and Estrogen: What they are and what they do

🔵 Estrogen = builds
🟠 Progesterone = maintains

5. What does FSH do in the menstrual cycle?

• FSH = Follicle Stimulating Hormone

• Main job:
  ➔ Stimulates eggs to grow in ovaries inside little sacs called follicles.
  ➔ Also causes estrogen levels to rise.

Easy way to remember:
🎯 FSH = Finds Starting Help for eggs.

What Happens with Hormones in the Menstrual Cycle:

The menstrual cycle is about 4 main hormones that rise and fall to control the whole process.

Hormones in the Cycle:

Easy way to remember the flow:

• Start low ➔ Hormones are low during period.

• Grow the egg ➔ FSH and Estrogen go up.

• Pop the egg ➔ Big LH surge = ovulation.

• Prepare for baby ➔ Progesterone rises to protect the lining.

Practice Problems

6.4

2. Which statement describes the movements of the rib cage during inhalation of air? [1]

   a. External intercostal muscles contract moving the ribs up and outwards.

   b. Internal intercostal muscles contract moving the ribs down and inwards.

   c. External intercostal muscles relax moving ribs down and inwards.

   d. Internal intercostal muscles relax moving ribs up and outwards.

5. Which muscles contract to cause air to  pass out from the lungs through the bronchioles? [1]

3. a. internal intercostal muscles and diaphragm

   b. internal intercostal muscles and abdominal wall muscles

   c. external intercostal muscles and diaphragm

   d. external intercostal muscles and abdominal wall muscles

7. Distinguish between ventilation, gas exchange, and cell respiration. [4]

   • Ventilation is the process of breathing in and out, which brings oxygen into the lungs and removes carbon dioxide. 

   • Gas exchange is the diffusion of oxygen from the alveoli into the blood and the diffusion of carbon dioxide from the blood into the alveoli. 

   • Cell respiration is the breakdown of glucose inside cells using oxygen to produce ATP releasing CO2 as a waste product. 

6.5

3. Which event directly leads to an action potential? [1]

   a. Fusion of vesicles with the pre-synaptic membrane

   b. Diffusion of neurotransmitter across the synaptic cleft

   c. Membrane potential reaches the threshold potential

   d. Breakdown of the neurotransmitter

3. The diagram shows events at a synapse. What is happening at the point labeled X? [1]

   

   1. Neurotransmitter binding

   2. Ca2+ diffusing

   3. Neurotransmitter moving across synapse

   4. Na2+ binding

3. Which element or ion is required for transmission of a nerve impulse? [1]

   1. Phosphorous

   2. Sodium

   3. Sulfur

   4. Iron

3. Outline how nerve impulses are transmitted along a nerve fibre. [3]

   • Neurons transmit information in the form of impulses which are short lived changes in electrical potential across the membrane of a neuron. Impulses happen as these ions move in and out through the plasma membrane. 

6.5

3. How does the body respond to an increase in body temperature?

I. Vasoconstriction of skin arterioles 

II. Shivering 

III. Vasodilation of skin arterioles

1. I only

2. I and II only

3. II and III only

4. III only
   

4. Which hormone shows the greatest fall in blood concentration just before menstruation? [1]

1. FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)

2. LH (luteinizing hormone)

3. Progesterone

4. Estrogen

7. Which describes the secretion of hormones in the pancreas in response to low levels of glucose in the blood?  [1]

1. Secretion of glucagon from α cells 

2. Secretion of glucagon from β cells

3. Secretion of insulin from α cells

4. Secretion of insulin from β cells

8. If you were a doctor, how would you go about treating a person with type 1 diabetes vs. type 2 diabetes?

   • Type 1:If I were a doctor treating someone with Type 1 diabetes, I would give them insulin because their body cannot make it. I would teach them how to check their blood sugar every day and help them plan healthy meals and safe exercise. I would also check on them often to make sure their insulin doses are working correctly.

   • Type 2: If I were a doctor treating someone with Type 2 diabetes, I would start by helping them eat healthier and exercise more. If that didn’t control their blood sugar enough, I would prescribe medicine. If the medicine stopped working later on, I would add insulin. I would also help them with weight loss if they needed it.