80% of the world population was farmers
Atlantic Revolutions were also taking place at the same time
Anthropocene “ Man is responsible for change “
Negative impacts on the environment
Industrialization: An Increase of productions brought by machines and the use of new energy sources
Started in Europe ( Britain )
Eurocentric reasons
Flying shuttle
Water power - steam engine w/ coal -
sulfur to dye clothes
Cottage industry gave people freedom
textiles were made in factories
4 field system
Eli Whitney and the Cotton Gin
2-16
laboring class
WOMEN IN LABORING CLASSES
Developments in Western Europe that helped avoid Marxist revolution
}}Improving material conditions during the second half of the nineteenth century helped move the working-class movement in Britain, Germany, and elsewhere away from a revolutionary posture. Marx had expected industrial capitalist societies to polarize into a small wealthy class and a huge and increasingly impoverished proletariat. However, standing between “the captains of industry” and the workers was a sizable middle and lower middle class, constituting perhaps 30 percent of the population, most of whom were not really wealthy but were immensely proud that they were not manual laborers. Marx had not foreseen the development of this intermediate social group, nor had he imagined that workers could better their standard of living within a capitalist framework. But they did. Wages rose under pressure from unions; cheap imported food improved working-class diets; infant mortality rates fell; and shops and chain stores catering to working-class families multiplied. As English male workers gradually obtained the right to vote, politicians had an incentive to legislate in their favor, by abolishing child labor, regulating factory conditions, and even, in 1911, inaugurating a system of relief for the unemployed. Sanitary reform considerably cleaned up the “filth and stink” of early nineteenth-century cities, and urban parks made a modest appearance. Contrary to Marx’s expectations, capitalist societies demonstrated some capacity for reform.}}
COMMUNISM
Things aren’t getting better, so people were starting to fight back
!!!check chart from comparing the russian industrialization to american industrialization!!!
Starts in Britain because they have coal and iron
Europe has a competitive spirit
Koran limits the middle eastern society and their advancements
Sugar comes from the caribbean
Railroad was a symbol of the industrial revolution
Upper middle class included wealthy factory and mine owners, bankers, and merchants who had gained great power politically
Proletariat- Laboring class to Karl Marx
The wives are not their when their husbands come home and so they drink alcohol and the wives when coming home from work end up getting beaten and domestic violence was very high amount the proletariat
Karl Marx puts the bourgase as the Upper class
Proletariat will become the owners of the factories and determine how much they get paid and that they will pay themselves high
He demands that this WILL happen, not that it might
He didn’t see unions and political parties for the proletariat
All white men can vote because of the political parties made
Unions represent men
Europeans are going to America because there was a demand of labor and cheap land
There was a %%rumor%% from ireland that there was good work, good cheap land, and good pay thats a lie
tsar has power over all of the people ( holding russia back )
The power of US is in the people ( democratic republic ) and Russia had the power in the hands of the tsar ( one person )
Russia’s government pays for their industrialization while the US pays for their own ( capitalism )
Railroads = Iron Horse
Monopolies were given tax breaks by the government because their inventions gave the government more power and wealth
you had to order things from catalogs
Adam smith WAS capitalist
government should not be involved at all with business no laws for any industry
NO agencies ,rules, and regulations
How economy will thrive
Laissez-faire capitalism - when government is hands off of trade and industry
Adams smith would say that government should not have to go into different meat companies and they should just read the Jungle and be disgusted and no one will by meat and when they aren’t buying then the industry will change so they are.
Invisible hand - consumers will drive the change
RUssia
Zero creativity with one hand on the wheel ( czar /tsar)
Trans-Siberian Railroad made economic transportation faster and more efficient
Russia really didn’t have much money
They got money from other countries in foreign investments
investments means that the other people( the other countries whom payed ) got more money back from their investments
Problems with Industrialization
some accepted socialism in hopes of change for workers
The monarch only gave people what they wanted after the revolts
results:
- political parties came out of hiding
- tsar’s regime changed
[[- granted a constitution[[
[[- legalized both trade unions and political parties[[
- permitted the election of a national assembly (Duma)
- plans were made for universal primary education
[[*ONLY in Russia was industrialization associated with VIOLENT social revolution![[
Market Saturation - when the volume of a product or service in a marketplace has been maximized
Imperialism is an effect of Industrialization
LATIN AMERICA
even with an export boom, there was no industrial revolution in Latin America
Why?
1) a huge lower class population- no real market for manufactured goods
2) investment in manufacturing did not appeal to landowners and cattlemen
(made money exporting agricultural goods- so why bother to industrialize?)
3) no tariffs on imports, making imported goods very cheap for all
4) too dependent on European and North American prosperity and decisions
(example: the US-owned United Fruit Company in Central America drove
decision-making in the area)
- by 1850 a boom in exports helped spur the economy
(exported silver, copper, tin, guano, nitrates, rubber, bananas, coffee, cacao, sugar)
- imports came from Europe and the US
(imported textiles, machinery, tools, weapons, and luxury goods)
- Railroads! Built to get goods to the coast to be exported
* All was progress in the eyes of elites in Latin America
(elites wanted to be advanced like Europe and US)
Banana Republic was oppression
Latin America can’t be cool like Europe
They don’t have a strong economy
A very small population of the people of LA could indulge it what they actually wanted
Caudillo : military or political leader ( gained control of government after the independence movement )
Power is in the hands of the people in Europe’s
In LA they have dictators that wouldn’t let them do certain things
Mexican Revolution
Lower class whom feels cheated with the middle class and they joined to overthrow their dictator
Goal : Take land from rich and give to the poor
With the Middle class there is more hope financially and more intelligence ( better hopes )
Results: a new constitution that…
1) gave universal male suffrage
2) redistributed land \n <<%%3) stripped the Catholic Church of public education power and land%%<<
4) workers gained rights (minimum wage and 8-hour work days)
- but at what cost? 1 million dead - 10% of the population
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==middle class reformers, workers, and peasants overthrew the dictator (Porfirio Diaz)==
a decade of bloody conflict: 10% of the population died
%%Diaz was ousted under the charismatic leadership of Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata%%
<<women were active in the revolution: many fought!<<
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