PART 2 - HIST 1301
CH6
British reaction + American response
General Gage
Tells soldiers to listen in on war plans
Committee of Observation and Safety
Minutemen
Americans, everyday citizens
Alerts countryside of war at a minute's notice
Milita vs. Military
Militia
Everyday citizens
Gets training from the committee of observation and safety
John Hancocks
Samuel Adams
2 part plan: arrest JH + SA
Retrieve their weapons
Someone betrayed and told the Americans about the plan (Gage’s wife)
Battle of Lexington + Concord:
Role of Minutemen
British Victory at Lexington: Americans run away from the British marching (they were outnumbered 10-1)
American Victory at Concord (The British slowed down so Americans (70,000) were now ready for them at Concord)
The Americans won because they were able to take out the commanding officer (the British won’t fire without a commanding officer)
Change in Public Opinion
Second Continental Congress (1775): Not pushing for independence yet (dont want to declare war rn)
4 Restraining Factors keeping them from going to war:
Aware & Scared of British Power
Faith in the Monarchy (“If King George the 3rd only knew what was going on he would help them out)
Cultural Ties (didn't want to fight their “family”)
Fear of Internal Disorder: “They fear that life w/o the British would be worse”
Offer King George an Olive Branch (peace) petition instead
King George doesn't even read it (denies the letter)
Turning Point - ready to declare war
Factors Pushing for Independence
Thomas Paine’s Common Sense
“It is common sense to know that colonists need to break away from the King”
“It is common sense that a leader should be qualified and not just born into power”
“We shouldn't only have to trade with Britain”
“Our enemies shouldn’t be the same as England's enemies”
“England is smaller than America so their inferior”
Lord Dunmore’s Proposition
All slaves fleeing to the British army will be set free
Fewer Loyalists (loyal to the South) because Dunmore took away their slaves
Hessians: German mercenaries (German soldiers for hire)
Local Leaders
Foreign Aid
“Neutrality” from the Spanish
Promise of help from the French
They sided with the Americans
2nd Continental Congress
Declaration of Independence
Written by Thomas Jefferson
Equality and the Right of a Revolution (but he excluded slaves and women)
All “white” men are created equal
Explanation for a need for change
Cut ties to British
Act of Treason
Continental Army
George Washington: Commander in Chief
Military vs Militia
The Continental Army
Contributions of the militia
Hardships (Mainly disease, smallpox)
British Strategy to Take New York
Battles for New York
Washington wants traditional warfare
Inter-colonial Cooperation
Lessons:
Americans outnumbered
Washington loses but refuses to Surrender
Maryland troops (cooperation) help Washington and his men sneak out
Washington realized that this war was going to take a long time, and he needed to spread out his risks
Battle of Trenton
Hessians: Americans beat the Hessions /basically beating the British
Patriot Victory
Shatters Illusion of British invincibility (Washington uses this victory to inspire the men to reenlist)
Revised British Strategy
Battles of Saratoga (1777)
Burgoyne (British) and Gates (American)
American Victory
Encouraged foreign Support (The French officially recognized the U.S.S as its own independent country) + Dutch & Spanish side with Americans as well
British Strategy in the South
Use the Loyalists (but there's not enough) = strategy doesn't work
Disrupt the colonist's use of slaves (but dont want to free all the slaves)
Battle of Camden (1780)
Loss for the Americans
Troops are starved and mad at General Gage = low morale
Battle of Cowpens (1781)
Americans used the miltia and the military
Victory for the Americans
The Battle of Yorktown - Last Big Battle of the American Rev
Yorktown, VA
September and October 1781
General Cornwallis
Washington (American), Rochambeau (French), and Cornwallis (British)
The British Army
Treaty of Paris - Marked end of the war + American Independence
1783
United States as Independent
New Boundaries
Eastern Boundary (Atlantic Ocean)
Western Boundry (Mississippi River)
Northern Boundary (Canada)
Prewar Debts still collectible
Return property to Loyalists
British troops to leave the U.S
Land to Spain
CH7 - Results of the Revolution
There are three types of government: Monarchy, which is ruled by a king, Oligarchy, ruled by a few, Democracy, ruled by the people
Virtue is putting the good of the public ahead of your own private interests
Revolutionary Governments: systems that came after the revolution
State Constitutions protect the rights of the people, have frequent elections, contain a bill of rights, property qualifications for voting (have to own land in order to vote),
all states had bicameral houses (lower house to represent people, upper house to control the people), bicameral system gives the people a voice
Articles of Confederation (1781-1788)
Create post offices
Create weights and measures
Raise an army
Weak federal government
Protecting liberty
The federal Gov is not allowed to impose taxes or regulate trade and cannot make federal laws (laws that apply to all states) now one person is in charge, unicameral legislature where every state gets one vote
Northwest Ordinance of 1787
Plan for Incorporating New States
Prohibits Slavery North of the Ohio River
Systematic way to grow the U.S
Takes lands from Natives
Congress makes laws taking away your property
Post Rev Challenges
The U.S. federal gov struggled with economic woes, owing 9 million dollars to foreign nations, primarily France and the Netherlands, which had provided loans during the Revolutionary War.
Shays’s Rebellion, 1786-1788 (Western Massachusetts)
Daniel Shays (Leader) and Farmers these people owed money to the government in GOLD which they did not have they were sent to debtors' prison
Unresponsive government
Blocked debtors’ courts and challenged new government structure
Shows voices of dissent, revolutionary ideals, and weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation
The Shay’s Rebellion realized that the Articles of Confederation were too weak and had no actual authority to put an end to the Rebellion
Shays Rebellion led to the development of the Consitution
The Constitution
Constitutional Convention (met in Pennsylvania, 1787)
The Delegates (55 delegates in total from 12 states) Only the best men could attend (rich, educated whites)
34/55 of the delegates were lawyers (good at talking)
19/55 owned slaves (most men did not own slaves)
Rhetoric
The Plans
The Virginia Plan: bicameral legislature, representation will be based on population, single executive (one person in charge), fed gov should be able to tax and regulate trade, national judiciary (judges for the nation - means we should have federal laws (laws that apply to the whole country) national supremacy clause: national laws carry more weight than state laws (Fed Laws Reign Supreme over State)
The New Jersey Plan: Against the Virginia Plan bc it gives big states more power. Unicameral legislature (one house) Every state gets one vote, gives equal power to smaller states, three-man executive (3 people in charge vs one) fed gov should be able to tax and regulate trade, national judiciary, and the national supremacy clause
Hamilton’s Plan: Bicameral legislature, two houses, both houses with representation based on population, senators should serve for life, one person (him) in charge who gets to serve for life, fed gov should be able to tax and regulate trade, national judiciary, and the national supremacy clause
The Great Compromise/Constitution: bicameral legislature, house of representatives based on population (big states happy), senate with equal representation (small states happy) senators serve for 6 years, President will be elected and will serve for 4 years, fed gov should be able to tax and regulate trade, national judiciary, and the national supremacy clause
Slavery:
Outlawing slave trade (slave TRADE is illegal) - 1808
Buy a bunch of slaves before 1808
Treat slaves better (this is their only supply once slave trade stops)
Fugitive Slave Law
Runaway slaves must be returned to their master
Makes U.S a slave-holding country
Three-fifths clause
Slaves will be counted as 3-5ths of a person in terms of representation
Every 5 slaves will count for 3 people
Debate over the constitution
The Federalists (pro-constitution)
Keeps us safe
The Anti-Federalists (anti-constitution)
Pro bill of rights
Ratified, 1790
The Early Republic
The electoral college (every state sends two delegates) each delegate gets two votes
1st vote: most virtuous person
2nd vote: 2nd most virtuous person not from the same state
Whoever has the most votes is the prez whoever has the second most votes would be the vice president
George Washington’s Administration
Revolutionary Gains?
Women
Republican motherhood: Women learn so they can teach their sons and teach their daughters in case they one day have sons
Mothers of the country
Vote for leaders
Women are educated
Women's big plus: get educated after the revolution
CH8
Federalist Government
Added Bill of Rights for Anti-Federalists
Strong Federal Gov
You need property to vote - women/blacks/natives are the second priority
Alexander Hamilton - Secretary of Treasury
Needed Thomas Jefferson + James Madison support: capital moved to Virginia (TJ + JM were Virginians)
National Debt - 53 million because of the American Revolution, State debt: 25 million
National Bank: sell bonds so the rich can invest in the c51q5ountry and raise money
States with debt liked plan, states without debt did not like plan
Whiskey Rebellion
Tax on Whiskey & Rum(1791)
Tariffs on those imports
Promote domestic manufacturing
Pennsylvania -> rural farmers: felt targeted so they rebelled
Challenged federal power
America was fragile
French Revolution 1789: Inspired by American Rev, but more violent
War with Britain
France became a Republic bc it fought against the monarchy
France declared War on Britain in 1793
Impressment - kidnapped sailors and put them in their Navy
Justification: they were taking their own soldiers back
Haitian Revolution & slave rebellion - more talk + fair of slave rebellion
Toussaint L’Overture: led successful slave revolt
Great Britain was supposed to remove their soldiers from the USA under Treaty of Paris but they were still there
Party Warfare
War between Britain and France: people were choosing what side to take to remain “neutral”
Difference between Democratic-Republicans and Federalists
Political Parties were feared
Democratic-Republicans (Thomas Jefferson)
Government should be weaker
Strict construction
Favored Farmers
Favored France
Opposed press restrictions
Feared too much power
Federalists (Hamilton & Adams)
Strong Federal Government
Broad Construction (necessary + proper clause)
Favored Manufacturing and commerce
Favored Britain
Favored Press Restrictions: Feared Anarchy + Chaos
International Crisis
Jay’s Treaty 1795
John Jay -> Secretary of Foreign Affairs
Sent to Britain to settle the situation
Treaty with Britain
Britain will give up troops in the United States and in exchange Britain will become the most favored nation
Will trade only with Britain (U.S cut off trade with French)
Returns the U.S to colonial status
Washington signs treaty
Raises Tension
XYZ Affair
- The XYZ Affair (1797-1798) was a diplomatic conflict between the U.S. and France.
- It stemmed from France's anger over the U.S. signing Jay's Treaty (1794) with Britain, which France saw as a betrayal.
- American diplomats sent to negotiate were met by French agents (X, Y, and Z) who demanded bribes to start talks.
- U.S. refusal to pay the bribes led to public outrage in America.
- John Adams becomes President and tries to reopen trade with France and sends American invoice to meet with French Diplomats
- The result was the Quasi-War (1798-1800), an undeclared naval conflict between the U.S. and France.
More Party Conflict:
Laws set by the Federalists 1798
Allen and Alien Enemeies Act
President can order and imprison any Alien (immigrants from France) bc French will vote for the Democratic Republic
Sedation Act: pay penalty if you defame (badmouth) President (stops Democrats from spreading lies)
Naturalization Act: required immigrants to be residents for 14 years before they could become citizens
Wants to put in place voting qualifications
Wanted to stop Republicans from getting more votes from immigrants
Kentucky Resolution
Promote states rights
States should have more power than federal law (can override or nullify federal laws)
Virginia Resolution(never passed): state should balance federal law
Election of 1800
Between Thomas Jefferson (DR) and John Adams (Federalist)
President Thomas Jefferson
Jefferson and Burr tied
Jefferson won bc Hamilton said who would have voted for Jefferson
“Revolution of 1800”
Thomas Jefferson
Served 2 terms
Jefferson Administration (1801-1809)
Smaller Federal Government
Makes lots of cuts
Expanding Economy: more commercial farming
Westward Expansion
Northwest Ordinance of 1781: prohibits slavery north of the Ohio River
The Louisiana Purchase; best land deal in American History
Napoleon + Thomas Jefferson
1803
15 million dollars (3 cents per acre)
Mississippi River to Rocky Mountains
Doubled the size of the U.S
New territory for settlement
Lewis and Clark
Tried to find water route from Mississippi River to Pacific Ocean (failed bc there was none)
Maps from flora and fauna: explorers documented and mapped the natural environment they encountered, including plants (flora) and animals (fauna)
Developed relationship with Natives (goal was to get more land from Natives)
The Embargo Act (1807)
Thomas Jefferson
America wanted to be neutral in the war between Britain and France
Act forbade American ships from sailing to foreign ports
Cut off imports and exports
Led to Depression
Repeals as soon as Jeffersons term ends
Indian Resistance
Indian Intercourse Act of 1790
The U.S cannot force seize land, but you can get land if Natives seize it by treaty (Settlers did not listen to this)
Natives fought back and lost (much land was taken by force)
“Civilize” the Indians through farming, reading, and Christianity
Tecumsun: Pan-Indian (all Indian tribes) political and military resistance
Tenskwatawa: Return to traditional ways
Battles with the U.S and allied with the British (native and the British)
Americans were mad at Britain for siding with Natives
James Madison: wanted to stay neutral + The War of 1812
Origins of War
Mercantilism: U.S wants to be free
Impressment: The British kidnapped American citizens
The Embargo Act
Democratic-Republican Justification for War:
British Oppression: revisiting the American Revolution
National Honor at stake
Just resisting = self-defense
Wanted to be patriots like their fathers
Key Moments of 1812
Defeat Tucumsen and the Indian Confederacy (bc they sided with British)
Plan to take Canada: Fails
British Attack on the Chesapeake
Burning of Washington DC: capital building + white house burnt
Defense of Baltimore, Fort McHenry
Francis Scott Key boarded British ships for hostage negotiation exchange (successful)
Not able to leave ship until next morning bc they mightve heard British info
This event inspired Key to write "The Star-Spangled Banner."
Saw “bombs burning in the air” “rockets red glare” and “flag was still there”
Battle of New Orleans (1814-1815)
Treaty of Ghent (Belgium)
The War is over but they are still fighting bc the word has to spread
Andrew Jackson lead 5,000 Americans against 10,000 British
American Victory
Treaty of Ghent
Restores the relations between British and U.S to the way it was before the war
Last war America ever had to fight for its independence
Consequences of War
U.S independence (politically + economically)
Independent Native Americans' political power is broken (no one left to have an alliance with)
End of the Federalist Party
Hartford Convention
New Political and Economic scene
CH9 - The Market Revolution
Population Boom
Immigration: come into America, do wage work, work in factories
Irish: greatly discriminated against
Discrimination against non-protestants
Natural Increase
People live longer
More babies
More space
More food
Keys to Expansion:
Transportation
Commercialization: producing goods for a cash market
Commercialization resulted from us moving away from self-sufficiency and the barter system (service for service)
“Putting Out” System: you put out the material/someone else puts out the labor
Industrialization: more and more factories
Mechanization: using machine tools
The Lowell Mills- 1820s to 1840s: Textile factories established in Lowell Massachusets that employed young women (15-35 y/o) Long hours (12-14 hour days), strict rules, and low wages, but initially offered better conditions than other factories.
Girls develop digestive system issues from breathing in fiber
Wages get cut in 1834: Girls go on strike
Symbolism for industrialization, immigration, commercialization, and discrimination
First Factory System
Changes that came with Industrialization
Craftsmen to Businessmen
Change in employee standards (workers can't come to work drunk)
Changes to the family
Separation of the “public and private”
Public Sphere: World of men that go away to work (politics, law, wages)
Private Sphere: Domestic sphere, World of Women (work at home, cook, clean, have kids)
New Family Ideals
Middle Class
Marriage for love
Education: (3Rs, reading, writing, and arithmetic)
Wage Slave: Term southerners used to describe northern wage workers
Working Men’s Party: Men protesting low wages
Westward Expansion
(more democratic) Westward Surge
Rush Bagot Treaty and Convention of 1818: Draws border between Canada and the U.S @ 49th Parallel (latitude line)
Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819: We gain land in Florida and land in Louisiana territory and Oregon
Extension of voting rights to white males over 21: Lower property requirements
Transportation Changes
Roads & Railroads: National Road (Maryland to Illinois) Trains & Railroads (Faster & more expensive)
Erie Canal, 1825(moves goods people, and ideas): Canal (man-made river) Erie Canal goes from Albany to Buffalo (goal is to connect the Great Lakes to the Hudson River) allows business owners to ship goods back and forth.
New Yorkers buy bonds (pay for it expecting to get money back)
CH10
Andrew Jackson’s Presidency
Age of the Common Man
Told white men to come to the White House and tell him their problems
Lots of people came and the common people love him
Bank War
Second bank issues too much credit and people cant pay it back
Economy is bad
Thought bank was a symbol of elitism
AJ vetos the bank
The common man likes this
Rich guy (Elite) upset
Second Political Party System
Whigs
-AJ believes in smaller gov
Democrats
- Believes AJ was being a tyrant
States Rights vs. Federal Power
Federal law overrides state law
Nullification Crisis, 1832
Nullify: to void/cancel out
Tariff of Abominations:
high tariff on imported goods, intended to protect Northern industries but heavily burdened the Southern economy by making goods more expensive.
This led to regional tensions and a nullification crisis
S.C. Exposition and protest
Believe they should nullify the crisis
John C. Calhoun and nullification
Nullifies the tariff
He believes that liberty is more important than having our country stay together
Ordinance of Nullficication: Federal Law, but chooses to ignore it
20% tariff
States Right
Secession
S.C became the first state to succeed (leave) in the Civil War because they believed the federal law was forcing them to do something they did not want to do
Five “Civilized” Tribes and the Cherokee
Five Civilized Tribes
Cherokee, Choctaw, Creek, Chickasaw, and Seminole
Traded with Americans (peaceful interactions)
Spoke English
Southern U.S
Treaty of Hopewell, 1785
Cherokee Constitution, 1827
Jackson and Indian Removal
Indian Removal Act, 1830
Cherokee Nation v. Georgia, 1831
Supreme Court Chief Justice John Marshall: “Domestic, dependent nation”
Worcester v. Georgia, 1832
Worcester: white American missionary living on Cherokee Land
Believes Federal Gov out rules state Gov (Federal law says they can stay, Georgia says they can go)
Georgia puts him in Jail
Treaty of New Echota, 1835
Tells natives to give up land in the east for 5 million dollar land in the west
Trail of Tears, 1838
Cherokee travel to Oklahoma from Georgia
STUDY GUIDE TERMS
Federalists
Who: Alexander Hamilton, John Adams, supporters of a strong federal government
What: Advocated for a centralized government; opposed by Anti-Federalists
Where: United States
When: Late 1780s
Why (Cause): Believed a strong central government would unify the nation
Significance: Led to the ratification of the U.S. Constitution
Anti-Federalists
Who: Thomas Jefferson, Patrick Henry, and advocates for states' rights
What: Opposed centralized government; demanded a Bill of Rights
Where: United States
When: Late 1780s
Why (Cause): Feared federal power threatened individual rights
Significance: Their opposition led to the inclusion of the Bill of Rights
The Great Compromise
Who: Delegates at the Constitutional Convention
What: Compromise between large and small states for representation
Where: Philadelphia
When: 1787
Why (Cause): To balance representation in Congress between population and equality
Significance: Created bicameral Congress: Senate (equal) and House (population-based)
Thomas Jefferson
Who: 3rd U.S. President, Founding Father
What: Author of the Declaration of Independence, advocate for states’ rights
Where: United States
When: President from 1801-1809
Why (Cause): Key leader in independence, opposed Federalist policies
Significance: Led the Democratic-Republican Party; oversaw Louisiana Purchase
Northwest Ordinance of 1787
Who: Congress of the Confederation
What: Established governance and admission process for Northwest Territories
Where: Northwest Territory (Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin)
When: 1787
Why (Cause): Organized settlement and government in new territories
Significance: Set precedent for statehood and prohibited slavery in new territories
Louisiana Purchase
Who: Thomas Jefferson, Napoleon Bonaparte
What: U.S. purchase of French territory, doubling U.S. size
Where: Territory west of the Mississippi River
When: 1803
Why (Cause): Jefferson wanted control over the Mississippi River and New Orleans
Significance: Greatly expanded U.S. land and resources
XYZ Affair
Who: U.S. diplomats, French agents "X," "Y," and "Z"
What: Diplomatic scandal where France demanded bribes to negotiate
Where: France
When: 1797-1798
Why (Cause): Tensions due to U.S. neutrality during French-British conflicts
Significance: Led to the Quasi-War with France and anti-French sentiment
Jay’s Treaty
Who: John Jay, U.S. and Britain
What: Treaty resolving issues post-Revolutionary War
Where: United States and Britain
When: 1794
Why (Cause): To prevent war and settle disputes
Significance: Avoided war with Britain but angered France and some Americans
Democratic-Republicans
Who: Thomas Jefferson, James Madison
What: Political party favoring states’ rights and agrarianism
Where: United States
When: 1790s-1820s
Why (Cause): Opposed Federalist policies favoring centralized power
Significance: Shaped early U.S. political landscape, opposing Federalists
Tecumseh
Who: Shawnee leader
What: Organized Native American resistance against U.S. expansion
Where: Ohio Valley
When: Early 1800s
Why (Cause): Sought to protect Native lands from settlers
Significance: Unified tribes but was defeated, leading to more U.S. expansion
Tenskwatawa
Who: Shawnee Prophet, brother of Tecumseh
What: Religious leader advocating Native unity
Where: Ohio Valley
When: Early 1800s
Why (Cause): Aimed to revive Native culture and resist U.S. influence
Significance: Inspired Native resistance, though ultimately unsuccessful
Battle of Trenton
Who: George Washington, Continental Army, Hessian soldiers
What: Surprise attack on Hessian forces
Where: Trenton, New Jersey
When: December 26, 1776
Why (Cause): Boost morale after losses
Significance: Major morale boost for American forces in Revolutionary War
Battle of Yorktown
Who: George Washington, French allies, British forces
What: Decisive battle ending Revolutionary War
Where: Yorktown, Virginia
When: 1781
Why (Cause): American and French siege forced British surrender
Significance: Secured American independence
Shays’s Rebellion
Who: Daniel Shays, indebted farmers
What: Uprising against high taxes and debt
Where: Massachusetts
When: 1786-1787
Why (Cause): Economic hardship post-Revolution
Significance: Highlighted need for a stronger federal government, leading to Constitutional Convention
War of 1812
Who: U.S. vs. Britain
What: Conflict over trade, impressment, and territory
Where: U.S., Canada, and Atlantic Ocean
When: 1812-1815
Why (Cause): British interference with U.S. trade and expansion
Significance: Strengthened U.S. nationalism and independence
Lewis and Clark Expedition
Who: Meriwether Lewis, William Clark
What: Exploration of Louisiana Territory
Where: Western U.S.
When: 1804-1806
Why (Cause): To map and explore new lands after Louisiana Purchase
Significance: Expanded knowledge of western lands and Native tribes
The Virginia Plan
Who: James Madison, Virginia delegates
What: Proposal for a strong central government with representation based on population
Where: Philadelphia Constitutional Convention
When: 1787
Why (Cause): Sought to favor larger states in Congress
Significance: Led to the structure of the House of Representatives
The New Jersey Plan
Who: William Paterson
What: Proposal for equal representation for all states
Where: Philadelphia Constitutional Convention
When: 1787
Why (Cause): Aimed to protect small states' interests
Significance: Led to the creation of the Senate
Lowell Mills
Who: Francis Cabot Lowell, female mill workers
What: Textile mills employing young women in New England
Where: Lowell, Massachusetts
When: Early 1800s
Why (Cause): Rise of industrialization
Significance: Early example of organized labor in the U.S.
Embargo Act
Who: Thomas Jefferson
What: Ban on trade with foreign nations
Where: United States
When: 1807
Why (Cause): To avoid war and punish Britain/France for interference
Significance: Hurt U.S. economy, leading to public discontent
Indian Intercourse Act
Who: U.S. Congress
What: Regulated trade and relations with Native Americans
Where: United States
When: 1790
Why (Cause): To manage Native and U.S. relations peacefully
Significance: Often ignored, leading to more conflicts
Sedition Act
Who: Federalist-controlled Congress
What: Law making it illegal to criticize the government
Where: United States
When: 1798
Why (Cause): To suppress dissent during quasi-war with France
Significance: Seen as violating free speech, led to political backlash
Naturalization Act
Who: Federalist-controlled Congress
What: Increased residency requirement for citizenship
Where: United States
When: 1798
Why (Cause): To limit immigrant influence in politics
Significance: Part of the Alien and Sedition Acts, unpopular
Alien and Alien Enemies Act
Who: Federalist-controlled Congress
What: Laws allowing deportation of foreigners deemed a threat
Where: United States
When: 1798
Why (Cause): Fear of French influence during quasi-war
Significance: Increased anti-Federalist sentiment
George Washington
Who: 1st U.S. President, Revolutionary War general
What: Led the U.S. through its early years
Where: United States
When: 1789-1797 (Presidency)
Why (Cause): Led new nation post-Revolution
Significance: Set precedents for the presidency and national unity
Erie Canal
Who: New York State
What: Canal connecting Great Lakes to the Atlantic Ocean
Where: New York
When: Completed 1825
Why (Cause): Need for efficient trade routes
Significance: Boosted trade, expanded western migration, and transformed NYC into a major port
Hartford Convention
Who: New England Federalists
What: Meeting opposing the War of 1812
Where: Hartford, Connecticut
When: 1814-1815
Why (Cause): Economic hardship due to war and trade restrictions
Significance: Contributed to Federalist Party’s decline
Treaty of Ghent
Who: U.S. and Britain
What: Treaty ending the War of 1812
Where: Ghent, Belgium
When: 1814
Why (Cause): Desire to end costly conflict
Significance: Restored pre-war boundaries and began improved U.S.-British relations
Trail of Tears
Who: Cherokee Nation, U.S. government
What: Forced relocation of Cherokee from their lands
Where: Southeastern U.S. to present-day Oklahoma
When: 1838-1839
Why (Cause): Enforced Indian Removal Act
Significance: Thousands of Cherokee died, illustrating U.S. oppression of Native Americans
Andrew Jackson
Who: 7th U.S. President, military leader
What: Championed the "common man" and led Indian Removal
Where: United States
When: Presidency from 1829-1837
Why (Cause): Seen as representing the people against elite interests
Significance: Expanded executive power, controversial for his role in Native American removal
Nullification Crisis
Who: Andrew Jackson, South Carolina
What: Conflict over state's right to nullify federal law
Where: South Carolina
When: 1832-1833
Why (Cause): South Carolina opposed high tariffs
Significance: Highlighted tensions between federal authority and states’ rights
Three-Fifths Clause
Who: Constitutional Convention delegates
What: Clause counting slaves as 3/5 of a person for representation and taxation
Where: United States Constitution
When: 1787
Why (Cause): Compromise between northern and southern states
Significance: Increased political power of slave states, worsening sectional tensions
Cherokee Removal
Who: U.S. government, Cherokee Nation
What: Forced relocation of the Cherokee from their lands
Where: Southeastern U.S. to Indian Territory
When: 1830s
Why (Cause): Expansion and desire for land
Significance: Led to suffering and death of Native people; part of broader Indian Removal policies
Republican Motherhood
Who: American women
What: Ideology promoting women’s role in nurturing citizenship
Where: United States
When: Late 18th and early 19th centuries
Why (Cause): Post-Revolutionary values of civic virtue
Significance: Encouraged women’s education and reinforced gender roles in society
Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions
Who: Thomas Jefferson, James Madison
What: Statements declaring Alien and Sedition Acts unconstitutional
Where: Kentucky and Virginia
When: 1798-1799
Why (Cause): Protest against federal overreach
Significance: Established the idea of states’ rights to nullify federal laws
Election of 1800
Who: Thomas Jefferson, John Adams
What: Peaceful transfer of power between parties
Where: United States
When: 1800
Why (Cause): Democratic-Republican victory over Federalists
Significance: Proved the U.S. could transfer power peacefully, solidifying democracy
Militia
Who: Citizen soldiers
What: Military force of non-professional soldiers
Where: United States
When: Colonial period through early U.S. history
Why (Cause): Defend communities in the absence of a large standing army
Significance: Important in the Revolutionary War, a key part of the Second Amendment