history study guide - part 2

PART 2 - HIST 1301

CH6

British reaction + American response

• General Gage 

• Tells soldiers to listen in on war plans 

Committee of Observation and Safety 

• Minutemen

• Americans, everyday citizens 

• Alerts countryside of war at a minute's notice 

Milita vs. Military 

Militia 

• Everyday citizens 

• Gets training from the committee of observation and safety 

• John Hancocks 

• Samuel Adams 

2 part plan: arrest JH + SA

• Retrieve their weapons 

• Someone betrayed and told the Americans about the plan (Gage’s wife) 

Battle of Lexington + Concord: 

• Role of Minutemen 

• British Victory at Lexington: Americans run away from the British marching (they were outnumbered 10-1)

• American Victory at Concord (The British slowed down so Americans (70,000) were now ready for them at Concord) 

• The Americans won because they were able to take out the commanding officer (the British won’t fire without a commanding officer)

• Change in Public Opinion

• Second Continental Congress (1775): Not pushing for independence yet (dont want to declare war rn) 

 4 Restraining Factors keeping them from going to war:

1. Aware & Scared of British Power

2. Faith in the Monarchy (“If King George the 3rd only knew what was going on he would help them out)

3. Cultural Ties (didn't want to fight their “family”) 

4. Fear of Internal Disorder: “They fear that life w/o the British would be worse” 

• Offer King George an Olive Branch (peace) petition instead 

1.  King George doesn't even read it (denies the letter)

2. Turning Point - ready to declare war

Factors Pushing for Independence

1. Thomas Paine’s Common Sense 

• “It is common sense to know that colonists need to break away from the King” 

• “It is common sense that a leader should be qualified and not just born into power”

• “We shouldn't only have to trade with Britain”

• “Our enemies shouldn’t be the same as England's enemies” 

• “England is smaller than America so their inferior”  

2. Lord Dunmore’s Proposition 

• All slaves fleeing to the British army will be set free 

• Fewer Loyalists (loyal to the South) because Dunmore took away their slaves 

3. Hessians:  German mercenaries (German soldiers for hire)

4. Local Leaders 

5. Foreign Aid 

• “Neutrality” from the Spanish

• Promise of help from the French

They sided with the Americans 

2nd Continental Congress

1. Declaration of Independence 

• Written by Thomas Jefferson

• Equality and the Right of a Revolution (but he excluded slaves and women) 

• All “white” men are created equal 

• Explanation for a need for change 

• Cut ties to British 

• Act of Treason

Continental Army 

• George Washington: Commander in Chief 

• Military vs Militia

• The Continental Army 

• Contributions of the militia

• Hardships (Mainly disease, smallpox) 

British Strategy to Take New York 

1. Battles for New York 

• Washington wants traditional warfare 

• Inter-colonial Cooperation 

• Lessons:  

1. Americans outnumbered 

2. Washington loses but refuses to Surrender 

3. Maryland troops (cooperation) help Washington and his men sneak out 

4. Washington realized that this war was going to take a long time, and he needed to spread out his risks 

2. Battle of Trenton 

• Hessians: Americans beat the Hessions /basically beating the British 

• Patriot Victory 

• Shatters Illusion of British invincibility (Washington uses this victory to inspire the men to reenlist)

3. Revised British Strategy 

• Battles of Saratoga (1777)

• Burgoyne (British) and Gates (American) 

• American Victory 

• Encouraged foreign Support (The French officially recognized the U.S.S as its own independent country) + Dutch & Spanish side with Americans as well 

• British Strategy in the South 

1. Use the Loyalists (but there's not enough) = strategy doesn't work 

2. Disrupt the colonist's use of slaves (but dont want to free all the slaves) 

• Battle of Camden (1780)

1.  Loss for the Americans 

2. Troops are starved and mad at General Gage = low morale 

3. Battle of Cowpens (1781)

• Americans used the miltia and the military 

• Victory for the Americans 

The Battle of  Yorktown - Last Big Battle of the American Rev

•  Yorktown, VA

• September and October 1781 

• General Cornwallis

•  Washington (American), Rochambeau (French),  and Cornwallis (British) 

• The British Army 

Treaty of Paris - Marked end of the war + American Independence 

• 1783

• United States as Independent 

• New Boundaries 

1.  Eastern Boundary (Atlantic Ocean)

2. Western Boundry (Mississippi River)

3. Northern Boundary (Canada)

• Prewar Debts still collectible

• Return property to Loyalists

• British troops to leave the U.S 

• Land to Spain

CH7 - Results of the Revolution 

There are three types of government: Monarchy, which is ruled by a king,  Oligarchy, ruled by a few, Democracy, ruled by the people

Virtue is putting the good of the public ahead of your own private interests 

Revolutionary Governments: systems that came after the revolution 

• State Constitutions protect the rights of the people, have frequent elections, contain a bill of rights, property qualifications for voting (have to own land in order to vote), 

• all states had bicameral houses (lower house to represent people,  upper house to control the people), bicameral system gives the people  a voice

Articles of Confederation (1781-1788)

• Create post offices 

• Create weights and measures 

• Raise an army 

• Weak federal government 

• Protecting liberty 

• The federal Gov is not allowed to  impose taxes or regulate trade and cannot make federal  laws (laws  that apply to all states) now one person is in charge, unicameral legislature where every state gets one vote

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

• Plan for Incorporating New States 

• Prohibits Slavery North of the Ohio River 

• Systematic way to grow the U.S

• Takes lands from Natives

• Congress makes laws taking away your property 

Post Rev Challenges 

The U.S. federal gov struggled with economic woes, owing 9 million dollars to foreign nations, primarily France and the Netherlands, which had provided loans during the Revolutionary War.

Shays’s Rebellion, 1786-1788 (Western Massachusetts)

• Daniel Shays (Leader) and Farmers these people owed money to the government in GOLD which they did not have they were sent to debtors' prison 

• Unresponsive government 

• Blocked debtors’ courts  and challenged new government structure 

• Shows voices of dissent, revolutionary ideals, and weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation 

• The Shay’s Rebellion realized that the Articles of Confederation were too weak and had no actual authority to put an end to the Rebellion 

• Shays Rebellion led to the development of the Consitution 

The Constitution 

• Constitutional Convention (met in Pennsylvania, 1787)

• The Delegates (55 delegates in total from 12 states) Only the best men could attend (rich, educated whites) 

• 34/55 of the delegates were lawyers (good at talking)

• 19/55 owned slaves (most men did not own slaves) 

• Rhetoric 

The Plans 

• The Virginia Plan: bicameral legislature, representation will be based on population, single executive (one person in charge), fed gov should be able to tax and regulate trade, national judiciary (judges for the nation - means we should have federal laws (laws that apply to the whole country) national supremacy clause: national laws carry more weight than state laws (Fed Laws Reign Supreme over State) 

• The New Jersey Plan: Against the Virginia Plan bc it gives big states more power. Unicameral legislature (one house) Every state gets one vote, gives equal power to smaller states, three-man executive (3 people  in charge vs one) fed gov should be able to tax and regulate trade, national judiciary, and the national supremacy clause 

• Hamilton’s Plan: Bicameral legislature, two houses, both houses with representation based on population, senators should serve for life, one person (him) in charge who gets to serve for life, fed gov should be able to tax and regulate trade, national judiciary, and the national supremacy clause 

• The Great Compromise/Constitution: bicameral legislature, house of representatives based on population (big states happy), senate with equal representation (small states happy) senators serve for 6 years, President will be elected and will serve for 4 years,  fed gov should be able to tax and regulate trade, national judiciary, and the national supremacy clause 

• Slavery: 

1. Outlawing slave trade (slave TRADE is illegal) - 1808

• Buy a bunch of slaves before 1808

• Treat slaves better (this is their only supply once slave trade stops)

2. Fugitive Slave Law 

• Runaway slaves must be returned to their master 

• Makes U.S a slave-holding country 

3. Three-fifths clause 

• Slaves will be counted as 3-5ths of a person in terms of representation 

• Every 5 slaves will count for 3 people 

Debate over the constitution 

• The Federalists (pro-constitution)

1. Keeps us safe 

• The Anti-Federalists (anti-constitution) 

1. Pro bill of rights

2. Ratified, 1790

The Early Republic 

• The electoral college (every state sends two delegates) each delegate gets two votes 

1st vote:  most virtuous person

2nd vote: 2nd most virtuous person not from the same state 

Whoever has the most votes is the prez whoever has the second most votes would be the vice president 

• George Washington’s Administration 

• Revolutionary Gains?

• Women 

1. Republican motherhood: Women learn so they can teach their sons and teach their daughters in case they one day have sons 

• Mothers of the country 

• Vote for leaders 

• Women are educated 

• Women's big plus: get educated after the revolution

CH8 

Federalist Government 

• Added Bill of Rights for Anti-Federalists 

• Strong Federal Gov 

• You need property to vote - women/blacks/natives are the second priority 

Alexander Hamilton - Secretary of Treasury 

Needed Thomas Jefferson + James Madison support: capital moved to Virginia (TJ + JM were Virginians) 

• National Debt - 53 million because of the American Revolution, State debt: 25 million 

• National Bank: sell bonds so the rich can invest in the c51q5ountry and raise money 

• States with debt liked plan, states without debt did not like plan

Whiskey Rebellion 

• Tax on Whiskey & Rum(1791)

1. Tariffs on those imports 

2. Promote domestic manufacturing

Pennsylvania -> rural farmers: felt targeted so they  rebelled 

• Challenged federal power 

• America was fragile 

French Revolution 1789: Inspired by American Rev, but more violent 

• War with Britain 

• France became a Republic bc it fought against the monarchy 

• France declared War on Britain in 1793 

• Impressment - kidnapped sailors and put them in their Navy 

1. Justification: they were taking their own soldiers back 

Haitian Revolution & slave rebellion - more talk + fair of slave rebellion

• Toussaint L’Overture: led successful slave revolt 

Great Britain was supposed to remove their soldiers from the USA under Treaty of Paris but they were still there 

Party Warfare 

• War between Britain and France: people were choosing what side to take to remain “neutral”

• Difference between Democratic-Republicans and Federalists 

Political Parties were feared
Democratic-Republicans (Thomas Jefferson) 

• Government should be weaker 

• Strict construction

• Favored Farmers 

• Favored France 

• Opposed press restrictions

• Feared too much power 

Federalists (Hamilton & Adams)

• Strong Federal Government 

• Broad Construction (necessary + proper clause)

• Favored Manufacturing and commerce 

• Favored Britain 

• Favored Press Restrictions: Feared Anarchy + Chaos

International Crisis

Jay’s Treaty 1795

• John Jay -> Secretary of Foreign Affairs 

1. Sent to Britain to settle the situation 

• Treaty with Britain 

1. Britain will give up troops in the United States and in exchange Britain will become the most favored nation 

• Will trade only with Britain (U.S cut off trade with French) 

• Returns the U.S to colonial status 

• Washington signs treaty 

• Raises Tension 

XYZ Affair 

- The XYZ Affair (1797-1798) was a diplomatic conflict between the U.S. and France.

- It stemmed from France's anger over the U.S. signing Jay's Treaty (1794) with Britain, which France saw as a betrayal.

- American diplomats sent to negotiate were met by French agents (X, Y, and Z) who demanded bribes to start talks.

- U.S. refusal to pay the bribes led to public outrage in America.

- John Adams becomes President and tries to reopen trade with France and sends American invoice to meet with French Diplomats 

- The result was the Quasi-War (1798-1800), an undeclared naval conflict between the U.S. and France.

More Party Conflict: 

Laws set by the Federalists 1798

• Allen and Alien Enemeies Act

• President can order and imprison any Alien (immigrants from France) bc French will vote for the Democratic Republic 

Sedation Act: pay penalty if you defame (badmouth) President (stops Democrats from spreading lies)

Naturalization Act: required immigrants to be residents for 14 years before they could become citizens 

• Wants to put in place voting qualifications

• Wanted to stop Republicans from getting more votes from immigrants 

Kentucky Resolution

• Promote states rights 

• States should have more power than federal law (can override or nullify federal laws)

Virginia Resolution(never passed): state should balance federal law 

Election of 1800 

• Between Thomas Jefferson (DR) and John Adams (Federalist) 

• President Thomas Jefferson 

1. Jefferson and Burr tied 

2. Jefferson won bc Hamilton said who would have voted for Jefferson

• “Revolution of 1800”

Thomas Jefferson 

• Served 2 terms 

• Jefferson Administration (1801-1809)

• Smaller Federal Government 

1.  Makes lots of cuts 

• Expanding Economy: more commercial farming 

• Westward Expansion

1. Northwest Ordinance of 1781: prohibits slavery north of the Ohio River 

The Louisiana Purchase; best land deal in American History 

• Napoleon + Thomas Jefferson 

• 1803

• 15 million dollars (3 cents per acre)

• Mississippi River to Rocky Mountains 

• Doubled the size of the U.S

• New territory for settlement 

• Lewis and Clark 

1. Tried to find water route from Mississippi River to Pacific Ocean (failed bc there was none)

2. Maps from flora and fauna: explorers documented and mapped the natural environment they encountered, including plants (flora) and animals (fauna)

3. Developed relationship with Natives (goal was to get more land from Natives)

The Embargo Act (1807) 

• Thomas Jefferson 

• America wanted to be neutral in the war between Britain and France 

• Act forbade American ships from sailing to foreign ports 

• Cut off imports and exports 

• Led to Depression 

• Repeals as soon as Jeffersons term ends 

Indian Resistance 

• Indian Intercourse Act of 1790 

• The U.S cannot force seize land, but you can get land if Natives seize it by treaty (Settlers did not listen to this)

• Natives fought back and lost (much land was taken by force)

• “Civilize” the Indians through farming, reading, and Christianity

• Tecumsun: Pan-Indian (all Indian tribes) political and military resistance 

• Tenskwatawa: Return to traditional ways

• Battles with the U.S and allied with the British (native and the British)

• Americans were mad at Britain for siding with Natives 

James Madison: wanted to stay neutral + The War of 1812

Origins of War

• Mercantilism: U.S wants to be free 

• Impressment: The British kidnapped American citizens 

• The Embargo Act 

Democratic-Republican Justification for War: 

• British Oppression: revisiting the American Revolution 

• National Honor at stake 

• Just resisting =  self-defense 

• Wanted to be patriots like their fathers 

Key Moments of 1812 

• Defeat Tucumsen and the Indian Confederacy (bc they sided with British)

• Plan to take Canada: Fails 

• British Attack on the Chesapeake

• Burning of Washington DC: capital building + white house burnt 

Defense of Baltimore, Fort McHenry 

• Francis Scott Key boarded British ships for hostage negotiation exchange (successful) 

• Not able to leave ship until next morning bc they mightve heard British info 

• This event inspired Key to write "The Star-Spangled Banner."

1. Saw “bombs burning in the air” “rockets red glare” and “flag was still there”

Battle of New Orleans (1814-1815)

• Treaty of Ghent (Belgium) 

• The War is over but they are still fighting bc the word has to spread 

• Andrew Jackson lead 5,000 Americans against 10,000 British 

• American Victory 

Treaty of Ghent 

• Restores the relations between British and U.S to the way it was before the war 

• Last war America ever had to fight for its independence 

Consequences of War 

• U.S independence (politically + economically)

• Independent Native Americans' political power is broken (no one left to have an alliance with)

• End of the Federalist Party 

• Hartford Convention 

• New Political and Economic scene 

CH9 - The Market Revolution

Population Boom 

• Immigration: come into America, do wage work, work in factories 

1. Irish: greatly discriminated against 

2. Discrimination against non-protestants 

• Natural Increase 

1. People live longer 

2. More babies 

3. More space

4. More food 

Keys to Expansion: 

1. Transportation

2. Commercialization: producing goods for a cash market 

• Commercialization resulted from us moving away from self-sufficiency and the barter system (service for service) 

• “Putting Out” System: you put out the material/someone else puts out the labor 

3. Industrialization: more and more factories 

• Mechanization: using machine tools 

• The Lowell Mills- 1820s to 1840s: Textile factories established in Lowell Massachusets that employed young women (15-35 y/o)  Long hours (12-14 hour days), strict rules, and low wages, but initially offered better conditions than other factories. 

• Girls develop digestive system issues from breathing in fiber

• Wages get cut in 1834: Girls go on strike 

• Symbolism for industrialization, immigration, commercialization, and discrimination 

• First Factory System 

Changes that came with Industrialization 

• Craftsmen to Businessmen

1. Change in employee standards (workers can't come to work drunk) 

2. Changes to the family

3. Separation of the “public and private” 

Public Sphere: World of men that go away to work (politics, law, wages)

Private Sphere: Domestic sphere, World of Women (work at home, cook, clean, have kids) 

New Family Ideals 

• Middle Class

• Marriage for love 

• Education: (3Rs, reading, writing, and arithmetic) 

Wage Slave: Term southerners used to describe northern wage workers 

Working Men’s Party: Men protesting low wages 

Westward Expansion 

(more democratic) Westward Surge 

• Rush Bagot Treaty and Convention of 1818: Draws border between Canada and the U.S @ 49th Parallel (latitude line) 

• Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819: We gain land in Florida and land in Louisiana territory and Oregon

• Extension of voting rights to white males over 21: Lower property requirements

Transportation Changes

• Roads & Railroads: National Road (Maryland to Illinois) Trains & Railroads (Faster & more expensive)

• Erie Canal, 1825(moves goods people, and ideas): Canal (man-made river) Erie Canal goes from Albany to Buffalo (goal is to connect the Great Lakes to the Hudson River) allows business owners to ship goods back and forth. 

• New Yorkers buy bonds (pay for it expecting to get money back) 

CH10

Andrew Jackson’s Presidency 

• Age of the Common Man 

1. Told white men to come to the White House and tell him their problems

2. Lots of people came and the common people love him

• Bank War

1. Second bank issues too much credit and people cant pay it back

2. Economy is bad

3. Thought bank was a symbol of elitism 

4. AJ vetos the bank 

• The common man likes this 

• Rich guy (Elite) upset

Second Political Party System

• Whigs

  -AJ believes in smaller gov 

•  Democrats

- Believes AJ was being a tyrant 

States Rights vs. Federal Power

• Federal law overrides state law

Nullification Crisis, 1832

• Nullify: to void/cancel out

Tariff of Abominations: 

• high tariff on imported goods, intended to protect Northern industries but heavily burdened the Southern economy by making goods more expensive.

• This led to regional tensions and a nullification crisis

S.C. Exposition and protest

• Believe they should nullify the crisis 

John C. Calhoun and nullification

• Nullifies the tariff

• He believes that liberty is more important than having our country stay together 

Ordinance of Nullficication: Federal Law, but chooses to ignore it 

• 20% tariff 

States Right

• Secession

• S.C became the first state to succeed (leave) in the Civil War because they believed the federal law was forcing them to do something they did not want to do

Five “Civilized” Tribes and the Cherokee 

• Five Civilized Tribes 

1. Cherokee, Choctaw, Creek, Chickasaw, and Seminole 

• Traded with Americans (peaceful interactions)

• Spoke English 

• Southern U.S

• Treaty of Hopewell, 1785

• Cherokee Constitution, 1827

Jackson and Indian Removal 

• Indian Removal Act, 1830 

• Cherokee Nation v. Georgia, 1831 

• Supreme Court Chief Justice John Marshall: “Domestic, dependent nation” 

• Worcester v. Georgia, 1832

Worcester: white American missionary living on Cherokee Land 

Believes Federal Gov out rules state Gov (Federal law says they can stay, Georgia says they can go) 

• Georgia puts him in Jail

• Treaty of New Echota, 1835 

1. Tells natives to give up land in the east for 5 million dollar land in the west 

Trail of Tears, 1838

• Cherokee travel to Oklahoma from Georgia 

STUDY GUIDE TERMS

Federalists

• Who: Alexander Hamilton, John Adams, supporters of a strong federal government

• What: Advocated for a centralized government; opposed by Anti-Federalists

• Where: United States

• When: Late 1780s

• Why (Cause): Believed a strong central government would unify the nation

• Significance: Led to the ratification of the U.S. Constitution

Anti-Federalists

• Who: Thomas Jefferson, Patrick Henry, and advocates for states' rights

• What: Opposed centralized government; demanded a Bill of Rights

• Where: United States

• When: Late 1780s

• Why (Cause): Feared federal power threatened individual rights

• Significance: Their opposition led to the inclusion of the Bill of Rights

The Great Compromise

• Who: Delegates at the Constitutional Convention

• What: Compromise between large and small states for representation

• Where: Philadelphia

• When: 1787

• Why (Cause): To balance representation in Congress between population and equality

• Significance: Created bicameral Congress: Senate (equal) and House (population-based)

Thomas Jefferson

• Who: 3rd U.S. President, Founding Father

• What: Author of the Declaration of Independence, advocate for states’ rights

• Where: United States

• When: President from 1801-1809

• Why (Cause): Key leader in independence, opposed Federalist policies

• Significance: Led the Democratic-Republican Party; oversaw Louisiana Purchase

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

• Who: Congress of the Confederation

• What: Established governance and admission process for Northwest Territories

• Where: Northwest Territory (Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin)

• When: 1787

• Why (Cause): Organized settlement and government in new territories

• Significance: Set precedent for statehood and prohibited slavery in new territories

Louisiana Purchase

• Who: Thomas Jefferson, Napoleon Bonaparte

• What: U.S. purchase of French territory, doubling U.S. size

• Where: Territory west of the Mississippi River

• When: 1803

• Why (Cause): Jefferson wanted control over the Mississippi River and New Orleans

• Significance: Greatly expanded U.S. land and resources

XYZ Affair

• Who: U.S. diplomats, French agents "X," "Y," and "Z"

• What: Diplomatic scandal where France demanded bribes to negotiate

• Where: France

• When: 1797-1798

• Why (Cause): Tensions due to U.S. neutrality during French-British conflicts

• Significance: Led to the Quasi-War with France and anti-French sentiment

Jay’s Treaty

• Who: John Jay, U.S. and Britain

• What: Treaty resolving issues post-Revolutionary War

• Where: United States and Britain

• When: 1794

• Why (Cause): To prevent war and settle disputes

• Significance: Avoided war with Britain but angered France and some Americans

Democratic-Republicans

• Who: Thomas Jefferson, James Madison

• What: Political party favoring states’ rights and agrarianism

• Where: United States

• When: 1790s-1820s

• Why (Cause): Opposed Federalist policies favoring centralized power

• Significance: Shaped early U.S. political landscape, opposing Federalists

Tecumseh

• Who: Shawnee leader

• What: Organized Native American resistance against U.S. expansion

• Where: Ohio Valley

• When: Early 1800s

• Why (Cause): Sought to protect Native lands from settlers

• Significance: Unified tribes but was defeated, leading to more U.S. expansion

Tenskwatawa

• Who: Shawnee Prophet, brother of Tecumseh

• What: Religious leader advocating Native unity

• Where: Ohio Valley

• When: Early 1800s

• Why (Cause): Aimed to revive Native culture and resist U.S. influence

• Significance: Inspired Native resistance, though ultimately unsuccessful

Battle of Trenton

• Who: George Washington, Continental Army, Hessian soldiers

• What: Surprise attack on Hessian forces

• Where: Trenton, New Jersey

• When: December 26, 1776

• Why (Cause): Boost morale after losses

• Significance: Major morale boost for American forces in Revolutionary War

Battle of Yorktown

• Who: George Washington, French allies, British forces

• What: Decisive battle ending Revolutionary War

• Where: Yorktown, Virginia

• When: 1781

• Why (Cause): American and French siege forced British surrender

• Significance: Secured American independence

Shays’s Rebellion

• Who: Daniel Shays, indebted farmers

• What: Uprising against high taxes and debt

• Where: Massachusetts

• When: 1786-1787

• Why (Cause): Economic hardship post-Revolution

• Significance: Highlighted need for a stronger federal government, leading to Constitutional Convention

War of 1812

• Who: U.S. vs. Britain

• What: Conflict over trade, impressment, and territory

• Where: U.S., Canada, and Atlantic Ocean

• When: 1812-1815

• Why (Cause): British interference with U.S. trade and expansion

• Significance: Strengthened U.S. nationalism and independence

Lewis and Clark Expedition

• Who: Meriwether Lewis, William Clark

• What: Exploration of Louisiana Territory

• Where: Western U.S.

• When: 1804-1806

• Why (Cause): To map and explore new lands after Louisiana Purchase

• Significance: Expanded knowledge of western lands and Native tribes

The Virginia Plan

• Who: James Madison, Virginia delegates

• What: Proposal for a strong central government with representation based on population

• Where: Philadelphia Constitutional Convention

• When: 1787

• Why (Cause): Sought to favor larger states in Congress

• Significance: Led to the structure of the House of Representatives

The New Jersey Plan

• Who: William Paterson

• What: Proposal for equal representation for all states

• Where: Philadelphia Constitutional Convention

• When: 1787

• Why (Cause): Aimed to protect small states' interests

• Significance: Led to the creation of the Senate

Lowell Mills

• Who: Francis Cabot Lowell, female mill workers

• What: Textile mills employing young women in New England

• Where: Lowell, Massachusetts

• When: Early 1800s

• Why (Cause): Rise of industrialization

• Significance: Early example of organized labor in the U.S.

Embargo Act

• Who: Thomas Jefferson

• What: Ban on trade with foreign nations

• Where: United States

• When: 1807

• Why (Cause): To avoid war and punish Britain/France for interference

• Significance: Hurt U.S. economy, leading to public discontent

Indian Intercourse Act

• Who: U.S. Congress

• What: Regulated trade and relations with Native Americans

• Where: United States

• When: 1790

• Why (Cause): To manage Native and U.S. relations peacefully

• Significance: Often ignored, leading to more conflicts

Sedition Act

• Who: Federalist-controlled Congress

• What: Law making it illegal to criticize the government

• Where: United States

• When: 1798

• Why (Cause): To suppress dissent during quasi-war with France

• Significance: Seen as violating free speech, led to political backlash

Naturalization Act

• Who: Federalist-controlled Congress

• What: Increased residency requirement for citizenship

• Where: United States

• When: 1798

• Why (Cause): To limit immigrant influence in politics

• Significance: Part of the Alien and Sedition Acts, unpopular

Alien and Alien Enemies Act

• Who: Federalist-controlled Congress

• What: Laws allowing deportation of foreigners deemed a threat

• Where: United States

• When: 1798

• Why (Cause): Fear of French influence during quasi-war

• Significance: Increased anti-Federalist sentiment

George Washington

• Who: 1st U.S. President, Revolutionary War general

• What: Led the U.S. through its early years

• Where: United States

• When: 1789-1797 (Presidency)

• Why (Cause): Led new nation post-Revolution

• Significance: Set precedents for the presidency and national unity

• Erie Canal

  • Who: New York State

  • What: Canal connecting Great Lakes to the Atlantic Ocean

  • Where: New York

  • When: Completed 1825

  • Why (Cause): Need for efficient trade routes

  • Significance: Boosted trade, expanded western migration, and transformed NYC into a major port

• Hartford Convention

  • Who: New England Federalists

  • What: Meeting opposing the War of 1812

  • Where: Hartford, Connecticut

  • When: 1814-1815

  • Why (Cause): Economic hardship due to war and trade restrictions

  • Significance: Contributed to Federalist Party’s decline

• Treaty of Ghent

  • Who: U.S. and Britain

  • What: Treaty ending the War of 1812

  • Where: Ghent, Belgium

  • When: 1814

  • Why (Cause): Desire to end costly conflict

  • Significance: Restored pre-war boundaries and began improved U.S.-British relations

• Trail of Tears

  • Who: Cherokee Nation, U.S. government

  • What: Forced relocation of Cherokee from their lands

  • Where: Southeastern U.S. to present-day Oklahoma

  • When: 1838-1839

  • Why (Cause): Enforced Indian Removal Act

  • Significance: Thousands of Cherokee died, illustrating U.S. oppression of Native Americans

• Andrew Jackson

  • Who: 7th U.S. President, military leader

  • What: Championed the "common man" and led Indian Removal

  • Where: United States

  • When: Presidency from 1829-1837

  • Why (Cause): Seen as representing the people against elite interests

  • Significance: Expanded executive power, controversial for his role in Native American removal

• Nullification Crisis

  • Who: Andrew Jackson, South Carolina

  • What: Conflict over state's right to nullify federal law

  • Where: South Carolina

  • When: 1832-1833

  • Why (Cause): South Carolina opposed high tariffs

  • Significance: Highlighted tensions between federal authority and states’ rights

• Three-Fifths Clause

  • Who: Constitutional Convention delegates

  • What: Clause counting slaves as 3/5 of a person for representation and taxation

  • Where: United States Constitution

  • When: 1787

  • Why (Cause): Compromise between northern and southern states

  • Significance: Increased political power of slave states, worsening sectional tensions

• Cherokee Removal

  • Who: U.S. government, Cherokee Nation

  • What: Forced relocation of the Cherokee from their lands

  • Where: Southeastern U.S. to Indian Territory

  • When: 1830s

  • Why (Cause): Expansion and desire for land

  • Significance: Led to suffering and death of Native people; part of broader Indian Removal policies

• Republican Motherhood

  • Who: American women

  • What: Ideology promoting women’s role in nurturing citizenship

  • Where: United States

  • When: Late 18th and early 19th centuries

  • Why (Cause): Post-Revolutionary values of civic virtue

  • Significance: Encouraged women’s education and reinforced gender roles in society

• Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions

  • Who: Thomas Jefferson, James Madison

  • What: Statements declaring Alien and Sedition Acts unconstitutional

  • Where: Kentucky and Virginia

  • When: 1798-1799

  • Why (Cause): Protest against federal overreach

  • Significance: Established the idea of states’ rights to nullify federal laws

• Election of 1800

  • Who: Thomas Jefferson, John Adams

  • What: Peaceful transfer of power between parties

  • Where: United States

  • When: 1800

  • Why (Cause): Democratic-Republican victory over Federalists

  • Significance: Proved the U.S. could transfer power peacefully, solidifying democracy

• Militia

  • Who: Citizen soldiers

  • What: Military force of non-professional soldiers

  • Where: United States

  • When: Colonial period through early U.S. history

  • Why (Cause): Defend communities in the absence of a large standing army

  • Significance: Important in the Revolutionary War, a key part of the Second Amendment