AP HUMAN GEOGRAPHY: UNIT 5 STUDY GUIDE AGRICULTURE AND RURAL LAND USE PATTERNS AND PROCESSES

Hunter/gatherer

Agricultural revolution/cause and effect/hearths

Columbian Exchange

Second Agricultural Revolution/hearth/cause and effect

Green Revolution and increased production

1. GMOs

2. High yield seeds (drought and/or herbicide resistant)

3. Fertilizers

4. Mechanization

5. Pesticides and herbicides

6. GPS and moisture monitoring systems

7. Irrigation advances

8. Antibiotics/medical care for livestock

Patterns of settlement

1. Clustered

2. Linear

3. Dispersed

Metes and bounds

Long lots

Township and range

Sustainability issues

1. Desertification

2. Loss of habitat

3. Loss of biodiversity

4. Disruption of ecosystems

5. Carbon output

6. Soil erosion and decrease in quality

7. Increased influence of corporations and more developed countries

8. Single-crop dependency

Grains as key source of calories, protein, and nutrients

Areas with high caloric intake/areas with low caloric intake

Undernourishment

Food deserts

Obesity

Agricultural regions

1. Mediterranean regions

2. Sahel region

Subsistence agriculture

Commercial agriculture

Intensive vs. extensive farming

Types of farming

1. Pastoral nomadism

2. Shifting cultivation (slash and burn) and swidden

3. Plantation

4. Dairy/milkshed

5. Grain

6. Mixed crop and livestock/crop rotation

7. Ranching

8. Commercial gardening/truck farming

9. Fishing/aquaculture/overfishing

Staples vs. luxury items

Non-food agriculture

1. Textiles: cotton, wool, leather, indigo

2. Tobacco

3. Pharmaceutical uses

Value-added agriculture

1. Organic and fair trade

2. Marketing (e.g. champagne, Parmesan cheese)

3. Packaging (bagged salads)

4. Preservation (drying or salting meats, roasting nuts, dried fruit)

5. Flavor enhancement

6. Physical changes (making fruit into jam or preserves)

Von Thunen’s model

Changing roles of women in agriculture/regional variation of women’s roles

Decline of small farms

Technology impact and economies of scale

Globalization of supply chain/location of food production and food processing

Government subsidies

1. Price supports

2. Purchase surplus

3. Pay for fallow fields

4. Crop insurance

Ridge tillage

Connections between agriculture and culture

Impact of political systems on agriculture