ICJ
Iran - US
Australia - Japan Whaling
Yerodia Congo - Belgium (pg. 293)
Canada optional clause
ICC
Al-Bashir, Sudan 2009
ICC can’t force countries to arrest/realise the arrest warrants
UNSC referred the case to the ICC to claim jurisdiction because Sudan is not an ICC member
ICC prosecuted al-Bashir for orders of rape, murder and displacement
ICC issued arrest warrants but lacks an enforcement body to conduct arrests
US - ICC Relation
UNSC: Mass killing cases
Darfur (2003): Sudanese governments aimed to destroy three ethnic groups
Rwanda (1994): massacred Tutsis to prevent power-sharing agreement negotiated by UN
Syrian Civil War (c. 2011) = people’s revolution against Assad dictatorship
UNGA:
Goldstone Report
Cholera in Haiti
WHO: Global crises
2003 SARS
2015 Ebola
Covid-19
UNHCR: Environmental Refugee (1951 Convention, UNHCR, IOM)
WTO:
Indonesia - US Cigarettes
Shrimp-Turtle Case
US - WTO Relationship
ILO:
Qatar Kafala System
Kafala system is criticized as modern-day slavery e.g. late payments, poor conditions
ILO launched an investigation after complaints from ITUC and ITWF for violations of the two conventions
ILO decided Qatar has 1 year to reform the Kafala system
Myanmar Case
WB and IMF:
Argentina
Argentina experienced a balance of payment crisis, borrowed from IMF to stabilize the currency
As a condition of borrowing loans from the IMF, it adopted the neoliberal economic model (1990s) under IMF guidance with IMF funding
Argentina borrowing repeatedly from IMF to pay obligations to the foreigners who previously lent it money
Paid debts in January 2006 = independence from the IMF and neoliberal economics 18.
UNEP:
CFC Case / Montreal
Scientific evidence confirmed ozone depletion in 1975
1977: Washington Conference: World Plan of Action
1985: Vienna Convention
1987: Montreal Conference: adopted the Montreal Protocol e.
1990: London Amendment: developed countries to phase out in 2000, developing in 2010
1992: Copenhagen Amendment: developed countries to phase out in 1996
It was successful because of:
Climate:
Paris Climate Agreement (2016)
Legally binding if the agreement is ratified and if the NDC is ratified in its respective country
opened for signature on 22 April 2016 – Earth Day – at UN Headquarters in New York. It entered into force on 4 November 2016,
189-197 parties to the convention have ratified the agreement until today
Pros and cons of the Paris climate agreement:
June 1, 2017: President Trump made the decision to withdraw from the Paris Agreement because of the unfair economic burden imposed on American workers, businesses, and taxpayers by U.S. pledges made under the Agreement.
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