Wadsworth Supernant et al 2021 (1)

Integrating Remote Sensing and Indigenous Archaeology to Locate Unmarked Graves

Abstract

Archaeologists have historically been called to utilize geophysical techniques, especially Ground-Penetrating Radar (GPR), for locating unmarked graves in various contexts. However, there are fewer instances where these techniques are driven by Indigenous community needs. Many Indigenous communities prioritize the location of ancestral and burial grounds, asserting that inclusive research designs allow for more meaningful collaborations. By integrating Indigenous archaeology and heart-centered practices into remote-sensing methodologies, the relationships between researchers and Indigenous communities transform, enabling the incorporation of Indigenous Knowledge (IK) in the interpretation process. This article explores this research trajectory, relating it to modern GPR surveys aimed at unmarked graves, particularly through the lens of a project conducted for the Chipewyan Prairie First Nation (CPFN) in Northern Alberta.

Importance of Remote Sensing

Remote sensing is recognized as a cost-effective and efficient means for addressing archaeological queries. It is minimally invasive, making it appealing to both archaeologists and Indigenous communities as it protects cultural sites while expediting archaeological timelines. Despite its potential, few archaeologists implement remote sensing within Indigenous archaeological frameworks, which is further complicated by the extractive history of archaeology.

Redefining Archaeological Practice

Indigenous critiques have challenged the traditional archaeological practice as being destructive and extractive. Indigenous archaeology focuses on being conducted "by, with, and for Indigenous peoples." Effective community involvement leads to research problems rooted in community needs, allowing for more meaningful investigations that resonate with local identities and histories.

Collaborative Frameworks

In the context of remote sensing, a shift from traditional public archaeology to Indigenous and collaborative archaeologies centers Indigenous epistemologies and acknowledges the intersectionality of colonialism, privilege, and power dynamics. Utilizing heart-centered archaeological practices facilitates respect, transparency, and interdisciplinary collaboration, enhancing research outcomes and community satisfaction.

Ground-Penetrating Radar and Unmarked Grave Surveys

Data collection via GPR enables the visualization of potential grave locations while respecting community insights about the nature of the burials. Collaboration during GPR surveys ensures that local knowledge informs the methods applied, leading to better identification of graves and the respectful treatment of these sensitive sites.

Case Study: Cowpar Lake Burial Ground

This study focused on the Cowpar Lake Burial Ground, known primarily through IK, as well as historical accounts from the Chipewyan Prairie community. The objective of the GPR survey was to locate undisturbed graves, thereby guiding fence construction to protect the site. The planning process included discussions with the community regarding expected burial characteristics, and the survey was designed to align with local IK.

Survey Results

The GPR survey identified several grave-shaped reflections consistent with IK guidelines, revealing around twelve potential grave outlines. This identification underscored the significance of community input for accuracy and contextual understanding during the exploration of ancestral sites. Community members participated actively, leading to better engagement and trust between researchers and the community.

Challenges and Benefits of the Approach

This collaborative methodology sustains the protection of burial sites while fostering strong community ties. However, challenges arise regarding data quality due to varying technological capabilities. Additionally, logistical constraints often limit the range of techniques employed, making partnerships vital for resource leveraging. Furthermore, the ethical complexities surrounding data ownership and control underscore the necessity for clear communication between archaeologists and Indigenous communities.

Conclusion

The collaboration between remote sensing practitioners and Indigenous communities is a pathway toward decolonizing archaeological methods, fostering mutual benefits, and ensuring community-driven archaeological practice. By embracing Indigenous Knowledge and collaborative frameworks, researchers not only enhance research outcomes but also contribute meaningfully to the preservation of Indigenous heritage and cultural identities.