American History Test GD

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)  - The CCC was designed to put jobless men to work on public land projects that were mainly in forests and parks. They received training, education, shelter, health care, food, and monthly pay. They helped restore historic structures, build fire outlook towers, build cabins, instal water lines, and create fish rearing ponds. 

National Recovery Act (NRA)  - NRA was designed to encourage national industrial recovery, foster fair competition, and provide construction of public work. This was an effort to stimulate economic recovery and fix unemployment. Title 1 instituted fair competition for public industries and title 2 created public work programs. This effectively fixed prices and wages, established production quotas, and imposed restrictions on entry of other companies into alliances. 

Public Works Administration (PWA) - The PWA was created by the NRA to prepare a comprehensive program of public works. These works included highways, buildings, natural resource conservation, energy, flood control, housing, and more. It administered loans and grants to state and local governments who hired private contractors. This intended to increase demand for labor and construction goods and act to help recover the economy. 

Social Security Act (SSA) - This Act provided a national system of pensions, unemployment insurance and aid to mothers with children. This act mainly focused on the health care of people. However, because of there being no systematic provision for those who are retired or disabled, the poverty rate among senior citizens was extremely high

Works Progress Administration (WPA) - This administration provided jobs for those unemployed during the Great Depression and they helped build public infrastructure of the US; such as, parks, schools, and roads. It was the largest and most diverse of the New Deal public works programs, as it employed men and women of all different backgrounds. 

Wagner Act - This act reaffirmed the right of collective bargaining with rules and enforcement by a National Labor Relations Board (NLRB). This act mainly focused on protecting the rights of employees and employers. The major effect of this act was to make the union membership have a large increase. Even though this act was strongly disliked by Republicans and big businesses it was ruled Constitutional by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1937. 

Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA)  - FERA is authorized to give money to states to support and help them in times of need. FERA funds went towards cash relief programs, rural relief programs, and work projects. This administration helped push the federal government out of the sideline and into the game to help the American people directly. This administration also helped create a general welfare section of the US constitution.

Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA) - The goal of this act was to limit crop production, reduce stock numbers, and refinance mortgages; with terms more favorable to farmers. Due to the war and the Great Depression, crop prices dropped so much that many farms were abandoned and farmers had to raise prices. Farmers were paid to destroy crops, livestock, and to not plant much cotton, corn, wheat and other staples to regulate the output in the range of crops. In result, the prices rose but this administration was brought to an end in 1942.

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) - The TVA was a large river basin development project and it built dams for flood control and power generation. The TVA also worked to help prevent malaria spread, reforestation, forest fire suppression, erosion control, fertilizer development, agricultural education, etc. A main purpose was to provide electricity to rural areas. During WW2, its electricity supply was used to produce raw materials, fertilizer, aluminum, and develop the atomic bomb. 

RELIEF - FERA, Federal Emergency Relief Administration, CCC, Civilian Conservation Corps, and SSA, Social Security Act, PWA Public Works Administration 

RECOVERY - NRA National Recovery Act

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA)

REFORM - Wagner Act

Hawley Smoot Tariff Act - response from Hoover to the Great Depression, which raised tariffs on many imports, ultimately worsening economic conditions by reducing international trade.

Hoover Solution to the GD - Rugged Individualism and Voluntarism

Hoover finally passes the Reconstruction Finance Corporation - trickle down economics

the bonus army - group of ww1 vets who marched to washington and demanded immedeiate payment for their service bonus

FDR becomes president in 1932

The 1st New Deal - The 1st New Deal was largely concerned with restructuring the nation's economy and offering relief to the banking industry

The 2nd New Deal - The 2nd New Deal sought to improve the use of the nations resources and provided relief for farmers and various government work programs.

• Social Security Act - A landmark piece of legislation that established a system of old-age benefits and unemployment insurance, significantly changing the social safety net in the United States.

The Hundred Days of FDR presidency - all his new policies were implemented during the first 100 days in office, marking a rapid response to the economic crisis and setting the foundation for both the 1st and 2nd New Deals.

• National Industrial Recovery Act - Aimed to stimulate industrial growth and establish fair competition, this act was part of the broader efforts during the New Deal to address the economic challenges of the Great Depression.

Reform in banking and finance - 4 day bank holiday, emergency banking relief act, glass-steagull act, securities and exchange commission, 21st amendment

emergency banking relief act - strongest banks would reopen and weaker ones would be given loans to help them get better - this helped people trust banks again

glass steagull act - was passed to allow the FDIC

FDIC - Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, which protects depositors by providing insurance on deposits up to a certain limit, thereby enhancing public confidence in the banking system.

securities and exchange commission - gives authority of the national gov. to the stock market; to protect the integrity of the stock market

Fr. Charles Coughlin - had a radio podcast and talked about the world’s problems - specifically calling out greedy banks and the ND - wanted nationalization in banks

Dr. Francis Townsend - argued the ND didn’t help the elderly - proposed a pension plan that all retired people would get a certain amount of monthly checks if they promised to spend all of it

Huey P. Long - his plan was to make every man a king and wanted to give everyone or family a 5,000 dollar house with 2,000 guaranteed income yearly by taxing the wealthy - this is a communist idea

In response to the cititcs of the ND - FDR establishes a big group of voters called the ND coalition - this group consisted of people who have never voted for the same thing before

Court Packing Deal - tries to increase the size of the supreme court and reduce its opposition of the ND legislation - however, this plan backfires and people say that FDR was trying to destroy the separation of powers bc this is a legislative power

Does the ND work - yes and no- yes because people put trust in the gov again, economy starts to thrive again, people are starting to get direct relief from the gov, no because unemployment was still existent, there were critics of the ND, the ND did nothing to help women or race

Elenor R - redefines the role of the first lady and does many things to support AA

Marian Anderson - performers in front of the Lincoln Memorial at a national event

Causes of the GD - stock market crash, farming struggles, protective tariffs, wealth gap increase, consumer spending

Stock market crash - people were buying stocks on margin which created the value of investments of the stock market to decrease, the gold standard limited the amount of gold in the US which made it harder to increase money supply, this led to many investors taking money out of the banks and without enough money to run a bank the bank closes down

Farming in the 1920s - their was more supply than demand which led farmers to drop prices of their products very low and they started to go deeper into debt, there was a lot of overfarming which led to erosion and dust storms, droughts

Protective Tariffs - led the US to completely isolate itself from trading with other countries and making the GD a lot worse, Smoot Hawley Act, The Fordney Mc cumber act / tariffs helped accelerate the GD because it significantly reduced the international trade which resulted in the loss of jobs and further economic hardships

Wealth gap - the buisness for the rich went up, rich kept getting richer and the poor kept getting poorer,

consumer spending - this was another cause of the GD because many people were buying things with their installment plans without actually having the money or intent of repaying it back - this then led a lot of people people to become in debt once the GD happened ‘

Black Tuesday - October 29, 1929 - this was the beginning of the GD and when the SM crashed