AP Human Midterm Review

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Term: Small-Scale Map

Definition: A map that shows a small geographic area in great detail, like a city map or neighborhood layout.

Term: Large-Scale Map

Definition: A map that depicts a large geographic area with little detail, such as a world map.

Term: Choropleth Map

Definition: A type of thematic map that uses shading or patterns to represent the value of a particular variable, such as population density, income level, or literacy rate.

Term: Locator Map

Definition: A simple, often smaller map used to show the location of a specific area or feature within a larger context.

Term: Physical Map

Definition: A map that shows natural features of the Earth, such as mountains, rivers, and seas, rather than political boundaries.

Term: Political Map

Definition: A map that displays governmental boundaries of countries, states, and cities, often including major roads and capitals.

Term: Thematic Map

Definition: A map that focuses on a specific subject or variable, such as population density, climate zones, or economic activity.

Term: Plot Map

Definition: A map that shows data points or features plotted on a coordinate grid, often used to represent specific locations or occurrences of phenomena.

Term: Cartogram

Definition: A type of thematic map that distorts the size of geographic areas based on a specific variable, such as population or GDP, rather than actual land area.

Term: Distance Decay

Definition: The diminishing importance and eventual disappearance of a phenomenon as distance from its origin increases, often due to barriers in communication or transportation.

Term: Environmental Determinism

Definition: The outdated geographic theory that suggests human behaviors, culture, and societal development are shaped solely by the physical environment.

Term: Possibilism

Definition: The geographic theory that while the environment may set constraints, human culture, technology, and innovation allow people to adapt and modify their surroundings.

Term: Perceptual (Vernacular) Region

Definition: A region defined by people's cultural perceptions rather than strict, measurable boundaries (e.g., "The South" in the U.S. or "The Rust Belt").

Term: Formal Region

Definition: A geographic area defined by one or more measurable, uniform characteristics, such as language, climate, or political boundaries (e.g., the Sahara Desert or the European Union).

Term: Functional Region

Definition: A geographic area organized around a central node or focal point, where activities or interactions occur (e.g., a metropolitan area served by a public transportation system).

Term: Geographic Information System (GIS)

Definition: Technology that captures, stores, analyzes, and displays geographic data in layers, allowing geographers to study spatial relationships and patterns.

Term: Remote Sensing

Definition: The process of collecting data about the Earth's surface from satellites or aerial photography without direct contact, used for mapping land cover, weather patterns, and environmental changes.

Term: Global Positioning System (GPS)

Definition: A satellite-based system for determining the absolute location of places or geographic features.

Term: Sustainability

Definition: The use of Earth's resources in a way that meets present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs, balancing environmental, economic, and social factors.

Term: Human-Environment Interaction

Definition: The study of how humans adapt to, modify, and depend on their environment, including activities like deforestation, urbanization, and agriculture.

Term: Scale of Analysis

Definition: The level at which geographic data is examined, ranging from local to global, which affects how patterns and processes are interpreted.

Term: Site

Definition: The physical characteristics of a location, such as climate, landforms, and natural resources (e.g., New Orleans' site includes a low-lying, marshy landscape).

Term: Situation

Definition: The location of a place relative to other places and its accessibility to resources, trade routes, and transportation networks (e.g., New Orleans' situation at the mouth of the Mississippi River makes it a key port city).

Term: Time-Space Compression

Definition: The reduction in perceived distance due to advances in transportation and communication, making interactions across space faster (e.g., airplanes and the internet connecting distant places instantly).

Term: Contagious Diffusion

Definition: A form of expansion diffusion in which a cultural trait, idea, or innovation spreads rapidly and widely from its point of origin through direct contact, like a viral trend on social media.

Term: Relocation Diffusion

Definition: The spread of a cultural trait, idea, or innovation through the physical movement of people from one place to another, such as the spread of Spanish to Latin America.

Term: Hierarchical Diffusion

Definition: A type of diffusion in which an idea, trend, or innovation spreads from a person or place of power or influence to others, such as fashion trends originating in major cities before reaching smaller towns.

Term: Stimulus Diffusion

Definition: A type of expansion diffusion in which the fundamental idea or underlying principle of a cultural trait spreads, but specific aspects may be altered or adapted to fit local cultures (e.g., McDonald's adapting its menu to include vegetarian options in India).

Term: Reverse Hierarchical Diffusion

Definition: The spread of an idea, innovation, or trend from lower-class or smaller, less influential communities to larger, more influential urban centers (e.g., Walmart starting in rural Arkansas before expanding to major cities).

Term: Expansion Diffusion

Definition: The spread of a cultural trait, idea, or innovation from its point of origin outward while remaining strong in its original location. This can occur in different forms, including contagious diffusion, hierarchical diffusion, and stimulus diffusion (e.g., the spread of Islam from the Middle East while remaining dominant in its hearth).

Term: Quantitative Data

Definition: Data that can be counted or measured and expressed in numbers, such as population size or income level.

Term: Qualitative Data

Definition: Data that describes qualities or characteristics, often gathered through observations, interviews, or descriptions.

Term: Core Countries

Definition: Countries that are economically and politically dominant, technologically advanced, and often exploit resources and labor from less advanced countries. These countries have high levels of industrialization and serve as centers of economic power. Example: United States and Japan.

Term: Periphery Countries

Definition: Countries that have low levels of industrialization, lower standards of living, and are economically dependent on the export of raw materials and resources. These countries often have weaker political structures. Example: Chad and Ethiopia.

Term: Primary Economic Sector

Definition: Economic activities that involve the extraction and harvesting of natural resources, such as farming, mining, fishing, and forestry. This sector is often seen in less industrialized countries. Example: The oil extraction industry in Saudi Arabia.

Term: Secondary Economic Sector

Definition: Economic activities that transform raw materials into finished goods or products, such as manufacturing, construction, and processing. This sector is a key part of industrialization. Example: The automotive manufacturing industry in Germany, where raw materials like steel are turned into cars.

Term: Tertiary Economic Sector

Definition: Economic activities that provide services rather than goods, including sectors like education, healthcare, finance, and tourism. This sector tends to grow as economies industrialize. Example: The healthcare industry in the U.S., which provides services like hospitals and medical care.

Term: Census

Definition: The process of systematically collecting demographic data about a population, typically focusing on characteristics such as age, gender, ethnicity, and housing. It helps governments plan for services and infrastructure. In the USA, this is done every 10 years.

Term: Census Tract

Definition: A small, localized geographic area used by governments for the collection of census data.

Term: Gross National Product (GNP)

Definition: The total value of all goods and services produced by the residents of a country, including income from abroad, such as investments or remittances sent from citizens living overseas.

Term: Gender Inequality Index (GII)

Definition: A measure of gender disparity in a country based on reproductive health, empowerment, and labor market participation. Example: Yemen has a high score, indicating severe gender inequality, while Sweden has a low score, reflecting high gender equity.

Term: Human Development Index (HDI)

Definition: A ranking system that evaluates a country's progress based on life expectancy, education levels, and average income. Example: Norway ranks among the highest because of its strong healthcare, education system, and economic stability.

Term: Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

Definition: The total market value of all final goods and services produced within a country's borders in a given time period, usually a year or quarter. It is a common measure of a country's economic health.

Term: Per Capita

Definition: A measure of the average per person, often used to express economic indicators such as income or consumption. It is calculated by dividing the total by the population.

Term: World Systems Theory

Definition: A theory that divides the world into a core, semi-periphery, and periphery, based on economic and political power. Core countries are wealthy and economically advanced, while peripheral countries are dependent on raw materials and have weaker economies.

Term: Agricultural Density

Definition: The number of farmers per unit of arable land (land that can support crops). Example: In some regions of Africa, more people work on farms per square mile of arable land than in North America.

Term: Anti-natalist

Definition: A policy or attitude that discourages having children. Example: China's One-Child Policy was a policy to control population growth by limiting families to one child.

Term: Arable Land

Definition: Land with soil and environmental conditions that allow crops to grow successfully. Example: The Great Plains in North America have vast stretches of land that support wheat and corn production.

Term: Arithmetic Density

Definition: The number of people living in a given unit of total land area. Example: A small island nation with millions of residents has a higher value than a large country with a low population count.

Term: Asylum

Definition: The legal protection granted to individuals fleeing danger in their home country. Example: A person escaping political violence applies for safety in Western Europe.

Term: Baby Boom

Definition: A period marked by a significant increase in birth rates. Example: After World War II, many families had multiple children, leading to rapid population growth in the U.S.

Term: Baby Bust

Definition: A drop in birth rates following a previous surge. Example: After the mid-20th century, many industrialized nations experienced a decrease in childbirth rates as people focused on careers and economic stability.

Term: Brain Drain

Definition: The large-scale emigration of highly skilled or educated individuals. Example: Many medical professionals from South Asia relocate to North America and Europe for higher wages and better working conditions.

Term: Chain Migration

Definition: The movement of people to a location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there. Example: A person moves from Mexico to the U.S. after hearing about job opportunities from family members who migrated earlier.

Term: Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

Definition: The number of births per 1,000 people in a given year. Example: A developing nation records a higher rate compared to an industrialized country due to differences in healthcare and family planning.

Term: Crude Death Rate (CDR)

Definition: The number of deaths per 1,000 people in a given year. Example: Countries with advanced healthcare systems tend to have a lower rate compared to those with limited medical access.

Term: Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

Definition: A model that explains changes in birth rates, death rates, and population growth over time as societies develop. Example: Many European nations have transitioned into the final stage, characterized by stable or declining numbers of residents.

Term: Dependency Ratio

Definition: The proportion of non-working (young and elderly) individuals compared to the working-age population. Example: Countries with aging populations have higher values, placing pressure on younger generations to support retirees.

Term: Distance Decay

Definition: The decline of interaction between two locations as the distance between them increases. Example: A business relationship between two cities diminishes over time as transportation costs make frequent visits less practical.

Term: Emigration

Definition: The act of leaving one's country to permanently settle elsewhere. Example: Many individuals relocate from Central America to North America in search of economic opportunities and safety.

Term: Epidemiological Transition Model (ETM)

Definition: A model that explains how medical advancements change disease patterns over time. Example: In early societies, infectious diseases were widespread, but in modern times, chronic conditions like heart disease are more common.

Term: Forced Migration

Definition: The involuntary movement of people due to conflict, natural disasters, or governmental policies. Example: Individuals displaced during a civil war must leave their homes against their will.

Term: Immigration

Definition: The act of entering a new country to live permanently. Example: Many individuals from Southeast Asia settle in Australia to pursue higher education and career opportunities.

Term: Internal Migration

Definition: The movement of people within the same country, often rural to urban. Example: After Hurricane Katrina in 2005, thousands of New Orleans residents permanently relocated to Texas and Georgia.

Term: Internally Displaced Person

Definition: Someone who is forced to leave their home but remains within their country's borders. Example: Millions of Syrians fled to other regions of Syria due to the ongoing civil war but did not cross international borders.

Term: Interregional Migration

Definition: Movement from one major geographic region to another within the same country. Example: Many Americans have moved from the Northeast to the Sun Belt states (like Florida and Texas) for lower taxes and warmer climates.

Term: Intervening Obstacle

Definition: A factor that hinders migration, such as laws, geography, or financial constraints. Example: A person planning to move abroad is unable to obtain a visa due to strict immigration policies.

Term: Intervening Opportunity

Definition: A closer or more attractive option that reduces the need to migrate farther. Example: A Syrian refugee planning to move to Germany decides to settle in Turkey instead due to job availability and cultural similarities.

Term: Intraregional Migration

Definition: Movement within the same region of a country. Example: Many people in California move from the expensive Bay Area to more affordable cities like Sacramento.

Term: Malthusian Theory

Definition: A theory suggesting that population growth will outpace food production, leading to shortages. Example: A scholar warns that rapid population growth in certain regions could lead to famine if agricultural output does not keep up.

Term: Neo-Malthusian Theory

Definition: A modern perspective that warns of resource depletion due to rapid population growth. Example: Some experts argue that limited freshwater supplies could become a major crisis if population trends continue.

Term: Net Migration

Definition: The difference between the number of people entering and leaving a country. Example: Canada has a high positive value because more people immigrate than emigrate.

Term: Physiological Population Density

Definition: The number of people per unit of arable land. Example: Egypt has a high value because most of its population lives along the Nile River, where farming is possible.

Term: Population Distribution

Definition: The arrangement of people across Earth's surface. Example: In Australia, most people live in coastal cities like Sydney and Melbourne, while the interior remains sparsely populated.

Term: Population Pyramid

Definition: A visual representation of age and gender distribution within a population. Example: A country with a broad base and narrow top likely has a young and growing population.

Term: Pro-Natalist

Definition: A policy or attitude that encourages having children. Example: France offers financial incentives and extended parental leave to encourage families to have more children.

Term: Pull Factor

Definition: A positive condition that attracts people to a new location. Example: High wages and a stable economy encourage migration to a particular country.

Term: Push Factor

Definition: A negative condition that drives people away from a location. Example: Political instability and violence cause many people to leave their home country in search of safety.

Term: Rate of Natural Increase

Definition: The difference between birth rates and death rates, excluding migration. Example: Some developing nations have a high rate due to high birth rates and declining mortality rates.

Term: Ravenstein's Laws of Migration

Definition: A set of principles that explain migration patterns, such as most migrants traveling short distances or moving toward economic centers. Example: Many people relocate from rural areas to nearby cities in search of jobs and better opportunities.

Term: Refugee

Definition: A person forced to leave their country due to war, persecution, or disaster. Example: Millions of Ukrainians fled to Poland and Germany after the Russian invasion in 2022.

Term: Relocation Diffusion

Definition: The spread of cultural elements due to migration. Example: The introduction of Latin American food and traditions to North America as people move across borders.

Term: Remittances

Definition: Money sent by migrants to family members in their home country. Example: Filipino workers abroad send billions of dollars back to their families in the Philippines each year.

Term: Repatriate

Definition: The return of a person to their home country, often with government assistance. Example: After a conflict ends, displaced individuals move back to their homeland with international aid.

Term: Step Migration

Definition: The process of moving in stages toward a final destination. Example: A person moves from a small village to a town, then to a major city, and eventually to another country.

Term: Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

Definition: The average number of children a woman is expected to have during her lifetime. Example: In some developing nations, this number remains high due to cultural and economic factors.

Term: Voluntary Migration

Definition: The movement of people based on personal choice rather than force. Example: A person moves to another country for a better job or education.

Term: Less Developed Country (LDC)

Definition: A nation with low industrialization, low income, and high population growth. Example: Chad is an example of this classification due to its limited infrastructure and economic development.

Term: More Developed Country (MDC)

Definition: A nation with high industrialization, high income, and slow population growth. Example: Germany is an example of this classification due to its strong economy and advanced infrastructure.

Term: Newly Industrialized Country (NIC)

Definition: A nation transitioning from an agricultural to an industrial economy. Example: Mexico is an example of this classification due to its growing manufacturing sector.

Term: Rural-to-Urban Migration

Definition: The movement of people from the countryside to cities for better opportunities. Example: Farmers in China moving to Shanghai for factory jobs.

Term: Abraham

Definition: A key figure in the origin of monotheistic faiths who is considered a patriarch in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.

Term: Acculturation

Definition: The process by which one cultural group adopts traits of another while still retaining aspects of its original culture. Example: A Mexican immigrant in the U.S. learns English but continues to celebrate Día de los Muertos.

Term: Assimilation

Definition: The process by which a minority group gradually adopts the customs and attitudes of the dominant culture, often losing distinct cultural traits. Example: Native American children were forced to attend boarding schools in the U.S. to adopt European-American customs.

Term: Buddhism

Definition: A religion founded in India that focuses on achieving enlightenment through meditation and ethical living.

Term: Centrifugal Force

Definition: A factor that divides people and weakens a state's unity. Example: Ethnic conflicts in Yugoslavia led to its breakup into multiple countries.

Term: Centripetal Force

Definition: A factor that unites people and strengthens a state's unity.

Term: Contagious Diffusion

Definition: The rapid and widespread spread of a cultural trait or idea through close contact.

Term: Creolization

Definition: The blending of languages and cultures to create something new.

Term: Cultural Appropriation

Definition: The adoption of cultural elements by another group, often without understanding or respect.

Term: Cultural Convergence

Definition: The increasing similarity between cultures due to globalization and technology. Example: The worldwide popularity of McDonald's and Starbucks.

Term: Cultural Divergence

Definition: The process by which cultures become increasingly distinct. Example: The Amish in the U.S. maintain traditional lifestyles, rejecting modern technology.

Term: Cultural Hearth

Definition: The place where a culture or major innovation originates. Example: The Nile River Valley is considered the location of the start of early Egyptian civilization.

Term: Cultural Landscape

Definition: The visible imprint of human activity on the environment. Example: The Great Wall of China reflects Chinese historical defense strategies.

Term: Cultural Trait

Definition: A single characteristic of a culture. Example: Drinking tea as a daily ritual in British culture.

Term: Dialect

Definition: A regional variation of a language with distinct vocabulary and pronunciation. Example: The differences between British English and American English.

Term: Ethnic Neighborhood

Definition: A community where a particular ethnic group predominates. Example: Little Italy in New York City preserves Italian culture and traditions.

Term: Ethnic Religion

Definition: A religion tied to a specific ethnic group and location.

Term: Ethnicity

Definition: A social group with a shared cultural background.

Term: Ethnocentrism

Definition: The belief that one's culture is superior to others.

Term: Expansion Diffusion

Definition: The spread of an idea or practice from its origin while still remaining strong in the original location. Example: The popularity of sushi growing worldwide while remaining a staple of Japanese cuisine.

Term: Hierarchical Diffusion

Definition: The spread of cultural elements from influential figures or places to others in a structured manner. Example: The adoption of fashion trends first seen on celebrities before reaching the general public.

Term: Hinduism

Definition: A belief system originating in South Asia that includes concepts such as dharma, karma, and reincarnation.

Term: Islam

Definition: A monotheistic belief system based on the teachings of Muhammad and the Quran.

Term: Isolate (Language)

Definition: A language or group with no known linguistic relatives. Example: Basque, spoken in northern Spain and southwestern France.

Term: Judaism

Definition: A monotheistic belief system that traces its origins to the covenant between Abraham and God.

Term: Language Branch

Definition: A collection of related languages within a larger group that share a common ancestor. Example: Romance, which includes Spanish, French, and Italian.

Term: Language Family

Definition: A large group of languages that share a common ancient origin. Example: Indo-European, which includes English, Hindi, and Russian.

Term: Language Group

Definition: A smaller set of languages within a branch that share recent similarities.

Term: Lingua Franca

Definition: A language used for communication between speakers of different native languages. Example: English being used in international business meetings.

Term: Monotheism

Definition: The belief in a single deity.

Term: Multiculturalism

Definition: The coexistence of multiple cultural groups within a society. Example: Canada recognizing both English and French as official languages.

Term: Polytheism

Definition: The belief in multiple deities.

Term: Popular Culture

Definition: Cultural traits that are widespread and change frequently due to mass media and globalization.

Term: Postmodern Architecture

Definition: A style that blends different historical elements with modern design. Example: The Piazza d'Italia in New Orleans, designed by Charles Moore, blends classical Roman elements with bright colors, playful shapes, and modern materials, showcasing the eclectic and whimsical nature of design.

Term: Protestantism

Definition: A branch of Christianity that originated from the Reformation, emphasizing scripture and personal faith.

Term: Quran

Definition: The sacred text of Islam, believed to be the word of God as revealed to Muhammad.

Term: Reverse-Hierarchical Diffusion

Definition: The spread of cultural elements from lower or rural areas to higher or urban areas. Example: The acceptance of country music in major cities after originating in rural communities.

Term: Roman Catholicism

Definition: The largest branch of Christianity, led by the Pope and centered in Vatican City.

Term: Sense of Place

Definition: The emotional and cultural significance of a location.

Term: Sequent Occupance

Definition: The layering of cultural influences in a place over time. Example: The Hagia Sophia in Istanbul, which has served as a Byzantine cathedral, an Ottoman mosque, and a modern museum, reflecting the changing cultural and religious influences over centuries.

Term: Shi'ite/Shia Islam

Definition: A branch of Islam that holds that leadership should come from Muhammad's descendants. Iran has the largest population of this branch of Islam adherents.

Term: Stimulus Diffusion

Definition: The spread of an idea that is modified in different cultures. Example: Fast food restaurants adapting menus to local tastes.

Term: Sunni Islam

Definition: The largest branch of Islam, which believes leadership should be based on consensus. Example: Saudi Arabia is a predominantly Sunni state.

Term: Syncretism

Definition: The blending of different religious or cultural traditions. Example: Día de los Muertos combining indigenous and Catholic traditions in Mexico.

Term: Toponym

Definition: The name given to a place based on historical or cultural significance.

Term: Traditional Architecture

Definition: Building styles that reflect historical and cultural influences. Example: Thatched-roof cottages in rural England.

Term: Traditional Culture (Folk Culture)

Definition: Cultural practices that are passed down through generations and remain localized. Example: Native Hawaiian hula dancing.

Term: Universalizing Religion

Definition: A belief system that seeks to convert others and has a global presence.

Term: Christianity

Definition: A monotheistic system of beliefs and practices based on the Old Testament and the teachings of Jesus as embodied in the New Testament and emphasizing the role of Jesus as savior.

Term: Eastern Orthodox Christianity

Definition: A branch of Christianity that developed in the eastern part of the Roman Empire and gradually separated, mostly on matters of practice, from the branch of Christianity dominant in Western Europe; noted for the subordination of the church to political authorities, a married clergy, the use of leavened bread in the Eucharist, and insistence on church councils as the ultimate authority in Christian belief and practice.

Term: Dot Map

Definition: A type of map that uses dots to represent the frequency or occurrence of a particular feature. Each dot represents a specific quantity or value, such as one dot for every 1,000 people.

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