Easy Notes - Chapter 1
Anatomy vs Physiology
- Structure (what things look like; "cutting up")
- Function (how body parts work)
- Structure determines function
- The shape and arrangement of body parts influence how they work and interact; form fits function.
Levels of Organization
- 1 Subatomic particles → protons, neutrons, electrons
- 2 Atom → hydrogen, carbon
- 3 Molecule → water, glucose
- 4 Macromolecule → DNA, proteins
- 5 Organelle → mitochondrion, lysosome
- 6 Cell → basic unit of life
- 7 Tissue → group of similar cells (e.g. adipose tissue)
- 8 Organ → group of tissues (heart, stomach)
- 9 Organ system → group of organs
- Axial portion
- Appendicular portion
- 10 Organism → whole human
Body Cavities and Body Planes
- Cranial cavity
- Vertebral cavity
- Thoracic cavity
- Abdominopelvic cavity
- Axial portion
- Appendicular portion
Homeostasis
- Homeostasis = stable internal environment
- Negative feedback = reverses change
- Examples: temperature (temp), blood pressure (BP), glucose levels
- Positive feedback = increases change
- Examples: clotting, childbirth
Surface and Directional Terms
- Superficial / Deep (surface / internal)
Body Planes
- Sagittal plane → left/right portions
- Transverse plane → top/bottom portions
- Coronal (frontal) plane → front/back portions
Anatomical Terms (Relative Positions)
- Superior / Inferior (above / below)
- Anterior / Posterior (front / back)
- Medial / Lateral (toward midline / away from midline)
- Proximal / Distal (closer to / farther from the trunk)